{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T11:24:44Z","timestamp":1779189884027,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]],"date-time":"2013-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1380585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Studies using genital tissue samples from HIV-infected women might provide important information about HIV susceptibility and transmission. In this study, ectocervical biopsies were obtained from 20 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) Kenyan female sex workers (FSW) and 20 HIV-seronegative lower risk (HIV\u2212 LR) women. To control for the impact of sex work, 20 HIV\u2212 FSW were also recruited. Immune molecules were assessed in situ by immunohistochemistry and for mRNA expression by quantitative PCR. The HIV+ women were reportedly infected for a median of 3 y (1\u201321 y), with a median viral load of 11,735 copies\/ml (20\u2013648,000 copies\/ml). These women had significantly lower CD4 blood cell counts than the HIV\u2212 LR women but comparable levels of CD4 expression in ectocervix. Whereas cellular markers were similar between the HIV+ group and the HIV\u2212 LR women, the HIV-binding molecules CCR5, dendritic cell\u2013specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3\u2013grabbing nonintegrin, and mannose receptor as well as the inflammatory markers CD69, IFN-\u03b3, IL-6, and IL-22 were significantly upregulated in the HIV+ group. As compared with the HIV\u2212 FSW women, the HIV+ women had significantly upregulated levels of CD4, CD3, CCR5, Langerin, dendritic cell\u2013specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3\u2013grabbing nonintegrin, and mannose receptor as well as inflammatory cytokines. The CD4 cell depletion previously seen in the gut mucosa of HIV-infected individuals was thus not observed in the ectocervical mucosa. Stable CD4 cell expression and local immune activation in the lower female genital tract may promote viral replication and genital shedding and increase the risk of sexual HIV transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,5]],"date-time":"2013-09-05T00:46:35Z","timestamp":1378341995000},"page":"3948-3954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Stable CD4 Expression and Local Immune Activation in the Ectocervical Mucosa of HIV-Infected Women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Taha","family":"Hirbod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , 17176 Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Kimani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Kenyatta National Hospital, University of Nairobi , 00100 Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annelie","family":"Tjernlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , 17176 Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Cheruiyot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Kenyatta National Hospital, University of Nairobi , 00100 Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , 17176 Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Terry B","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Mugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, University of Nairobi , 00100 Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Jaoko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Kenyatta National Hospital, University of Nairobi , 00100 Nairobi,","place":["Kenya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francis A","family":"Plummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Broliden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet , 17176 Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032405402364800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11708","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.21.11708-11717.2003","article-title":"Severe CD4+ T-cell depletion in gut lymphoid tissue during primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and substantial delay in restoration following highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"77","author":"Guadalupe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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