{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T11:54:32Z","timestamp":1791201272647,"version":"4.2.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3980,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis is a model for noninfectious posterior segment intraocular inflammation in humans. Although this disease is CD4+ T cell dependent, in the persistent phase of disease CD8+ T cells accumulate. We show that these are effector memory CD8+ T cells that differ from their splenic counterparts with respect to surface expression of CD69, CD103, and Ly6C. These retinal effector memory CD8+ T cells have limited cytotoxic effector function, are impaired in their ability to proliferate in response to Ag-specific stimulation, and upregulate programmed death 1 receptor. Treatment with fingolimod (FTY720) during the late phase of disease revealed that retinal CD8+ T cells were tissue resident. Despite signs of exhaustion, these cells were functional, as their depletion resulted in an expansion of retinal CD4+ T cells and CD11b+ macrophages. These results demonstrate that, during chronic autoimmune inflammation, exhausted CD8+ T cells become established in the local tissue. They are phenotypically distinct from peripheral CD8+ T cells and provide local signals within the tissue by expression of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death 1 that limit persistent inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,17]],"date-time":"2014-04-17T06:47:46Z","timestamp":1397717266000},"page":"4541-4550","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Tissue-Resident Exhausted Effector Memory CD8+ T Cells Accumulate in the Retina during Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Uveoretinitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Joanne","family":"Boldison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, University College London Institute of Ophthalmology , London EC1V 9EL,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Copland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippa J P","family":"Lait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarnjit K","family":"Khera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D","family":"Dick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay B","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol , Bristol BS8 1TD,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032404283230000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0b013e3282f03d42","article-title":"Biologics in the treatment of uveitis","volume":"18","author":"Imrie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r2","first-page":"127","article-title":"Identification of a new epitope of human IRBP that induces autoimmune uveoretinitis in mice of the H-2b haplotype","volume":"41","author":"Avichezer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2008.08.006","article-title":"Analysis of retinal cellular infiltrate in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis reveals multiple regulatory cell populations","volume":"31","author":"Kerr","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.09.020","article-title":"Persistent inflammation subverts thrombospondin-1-induced regulation of retinal angiogenesis and is driven by CCR2 ligation","volume":"180","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/02713689808951224","article-title":"Marrow-derived activated macrophages are required during the effector phase of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rats","volume":"17","author":"Forrester","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00810244","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in uveitis","volume":"21","author":"Caspi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Springer Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-3768.2010.01953.x","article-title":"Neutrophil-dominant experimental autoimmune uveitis in CC-chemokine receptor 2 knockout mice","volume":"89","author":"Sonoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.72.6.1117","article-title":"Diminution of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in mice depleted of NK cells","volume":"72","author":"Kitaichi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4153","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.07-0251","article-title":"Characterization of IL-17+ interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein-specific T cells in experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"48","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2130","article-title":"A CD8+ T cell transcription signature predicts prognosis in autoimmune disease","volume":"16","author":"McKinney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4170","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI59255","article-title":"Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cells predicts prognosis in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis","volume":"121","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2003.01750.x","article-title":"Resting CD8 T cells recognize beta-galactosidase expressed in the immune-privileged retina and mediate autoimmune disease when activated","volume":"110","author":"McPherson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.4.2849","article-title":"Characterization of rat CD8+ uveitogenic T cells specific for interphotoreceptor retinal-binding protein 1177-1191","volume":"173","author":"Shao","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-1189","article-title":"Minimally activated CD8 autoreactive T cells specific for IRBP express a high level of Foxp3 and are functionally suppressive","volume":"48","author":"Peng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.194.5.669","article-title":"A pathogenic role for myelin-specific CD8(+) T cells in a model for multiple sclerosis","volume":"194","author":"Huseby","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2004.05.001","article-title":"Regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by CD4+, CD25+ and CD8+ T cells: analysis using depleting antibodies","volume":"23","author":"Montero","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0090-1229(85)90083-2","article-title":"T-lymphocyte subsets in experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"35","author":"Chan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r18","first-page":"393","article-title":"Isolation of retinal lymphocytes in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis: phenotypic and functional characterization","volume":"78","author":"Barton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r19","first-page":"255","article-title":"Effects of CD8 depletion on retinal soluble antigen induced experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"79","author":"Calder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702","article-title":"Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance","volume":"22","author":"Sallusto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.4875","article-title":"Activated primary and memory CD8 T cells migrate to nonlymphoid tissues regardless of site of activation or tissue of origin","volume":"172","author":"Masopust","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090858","article-title":"Dynamic T cell migration program provides resident memory within intestinal epithelium","volume":"207","author":"Masopust","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.4.2079","article-title":"Cutting edge: gut microenvironment promotes differentiation of a unique memory CD8 T cell population","volume":"176","author":"Masopust","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4866","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200402","article-title":"Antigen-independent differentiation and maintenance of effector-like resident memory T cells in tissues","volume":"188","author":"Casey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17872","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010201107","article-title":"Memory T cells persisting within the brain after local infection show functional adaptations to their tissue of residence","volume":"107","author":"Wakim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r26","first-page":"68","article-title":"Evidence for a non-lymphoid tissue-resident memory T cell population that provides enhanced local immunity","volume":"120","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1718","article-title":"Memory T cells in nonlymphoid tissue that provide enhanced local immunity during infection with herpes simplex virus","volume":"10","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02493-10","article-title":"Environmental and antigen receptor-derived signals support sustained surveillance of the lungs by pathogen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16741","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1107200108","article-title":"E-cadherin promotes accumulation of a unique memory CD8 T-cell population in murine salivary glands","volume":"108","author":"Hofmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.020","article-title":"Distribution and compartmentalization of human circulating and tissue-resident memory T cell subsets","volume":"38","author":"Sathaliyawala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2012.00340","article-title":"Local immunity by tissue-resident CD8(+) memory T cells","volume":"3","author":"Gebhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7037","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202288109","article-title":"Long-lived epithelial immunity by tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells in the absence of persisting local antigen presentation","volume":"109","author":"Mackay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5458","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2348","article-title":"The clinical time-course of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis using topical endoscopic fundal imaging with histologic and cellular infiltrate correlation","volume":"49","author":"Copland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.06.012","article-title":"A clinical grading system for retinal inflammation in the chronic model of experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis using digital fundus images","volume":"87","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.10.008","article-title":"Therapeutic dosing of fingolimod (FTY720) prevents cell infiltration, rapidly suppresses ocular inflammation, and maintains the blood-ocular barrier","volume":"180","author":"Copland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3109\/08916939308993315","article-title":"Ultrastructural pathology of experimental autoimmune uveitis in the rat","volume":"16","author":"McMenamin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1851","article-title":"A shared epitope of the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein recognized by the CD4+ and CD8+ autoreactive T cells","volume":"175","author":"Shao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.183.4.1917","article-title":"Different responses are elicited in cytotoxic T lymphocytes by different levels of T cell receptor occupancy","volume":"183","author":"Valitutti","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0901340","article-title":"TNFR1-dependent regulation of myeloid cell function in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis","volume":"183","author":"Raveney","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(00)80470-7","article-title":"Counting antigen-specific CD8 T cells: a reevaluation of bystander activation during viral infection","volume":"8","author":"Murali-Krishna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1512","article-title":"\u2018Coreceptor tuning\u2019: cytokine signals transcriptionally tailor CD8 coreceptor expression to the self-specificity of the TCR","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032712-095954","article-title":"Memory T cell subsets, migration patterns, and tissue residence","volume":"31","author":"Mueller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.09.006","article-title":"Molecular signature of CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection","volume":"27","author":"Wherry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(03)00265-5","article-title":"Sensitive and viable identification of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by a flow cytometric assay for degranulation","volume":"281","author":"Betts","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-5008","article-title":"Loss of CTL function among high-avidity tumor-specific CD8+ T cells following tumor infiltration","volume":"68","author":"Janicki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.8.4911-4927.2003","article-title":"Viral persistence alters CD8 T-cell immunodominance and tissue distribution and results in distinct stages of functional impairment","volume":"77","author":"Wherry","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00923.x","article-title":"The PD-1 pathway in tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"236","author":"Francisco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.3.1283","article-title":"Ly6C induces clustering of LFA-1 (CD11a\/CD18) and is involved in subtype-specific adhesion of CD8 T cells","volume":"170","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02284","article-title":"Lymphocyte egress from thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is dependent on S1P receptor 1","volume":"427","author":"Matloubian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115628","article-title":"Chemokines, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs","volume":"23","author":"Cyster","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.045658","article-title":"Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats by FTY720 treatment","volume":"305","author":"Fujino","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.126.10.1390","article-title":"Fingolimod (FTY720) as an acute rescue therapy for intraocular inflammatory disease","volume":"126","author":"Raveney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9317","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0913835107","article-title":"In situ recognition of autoantigen as an essential gatekeeper in autoimmune CD8+ T cell inflammation","volume":"107","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003044","article-title":"Molecular anatomy and number of antigen specific CD8 T cells required to cause type 1 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Oldstone","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04606","article-title":"CD69 acts downstream of interferon-alpha\/beta to inhibit S1P1 and lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs","volume":"440","author":"Shiow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2002.1175","article-title":"Systematic analysis of E-, N- and P-cadherin expression in mouse eye development","volume":"74","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100643","article-title":"Targeting Tim-3 and PD-1 pathways to reverse T cell exhaustion and restore anti-tumor immunity","volume":"207","author":"Sakuishi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200690","article-title":"Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer","volume":"366","author":"Topalian","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035","article-title":"T cell exhaustion","volume":"12","author":"Wherry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1679","article-title":"Coregulation of CD8+ T cell exhaustion by multiple inhibitory receptors during chronic viral infection","volume":"10","author":"Blackburn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"PD-L1 blockade restores function to CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4501","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-10-310425","article-title":"Coexpression of Tim-3 and PD-1 identifies a CD8+ T-cell exhaustion phenotype in mice with disseminated acute myelogenous leukemia","volume":"117","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009731107","article-title":"Cooperation of Tim-3 and PD-1 in CD8 T-cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection","volume":"107","author":"Jin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/09273940802491884","article-title":"Constitutive neuronal expression of the immune regulator, programmed death 1 (PD-1), identified during experimental autoimmune uveitis","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1443","article-title":"The function of programmed cell death 1 and its ligands in regulating autoimmunity and infection","volume":"8","author":"Sharpe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.21158","article-title":"The majority of infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in multiple sclerosis lesions is insensitive to enhanced PD-L1 levels on CNS cells","volume":"59","author":"Pittet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2862","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2846","article-title":"T-cell suppression by programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 on retinal pigment epithelium during inflammatory conditions","volume":"50","author":"Sugita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"2025032404283230000_r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10691","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307252101","article-title":"PD-L1-deficient mice show that PD-L1 on T cells, antigen-presenting cells, and host tissues negatively regulates T cells","volume":"101","author":"Latchman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/192\/10\/4541\/62513157\/1301390.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/192\/10\/4541\/62513157\/1301390.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,24]],"date-time":"2025-03-24T10:34:40Z","timestamp":1742812480000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/192\/10\/4541\/8001402"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1301390","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}}}