{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:46:49Z","timestamp":1790801209185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]],"date-time":"2013-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1385856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Immune tolerance remains the most promising yet elusive strategy for treating immune-mediated diseases. An experimental strategy showing promise in phase 1 clinical studies is the delivery of Ag cross-linked to apoptotic leukocytes using ethylene carbodiimide. This approach originated from demonstration of the profound tolerance-inducing ability of i.v. administered Ag-coupled splenocytes (Ag-SP) in mice, which has been demonstrated to treat T cell\u2013mediated disorders including autoimmunity, allergy, and transplant rejection. Recent studies have defined the intricate interplay between the innate and adaptive immune systems in Ag-SP tolerance induction. Innate mechanisms include scavenger receptor\u2013mediated uptake of Ag-SP by host APCs, Ag representation, and the required upregulation of PD-L1 expression and IL-10 production by splenic marginal zone macrophages leading to Ag-specific T cell regulation via the combined effects of cell-intrinsic anergy and regulatory T cell induction. In this paper, we discuss the history, advantages, current mechanistic understanding, and clinical potential of tolerance induction using apoptotic Ag-coupled apoptotic leukocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,11,15]],"date-time":"2013-11-15T21:38:39Z","timestamp":1384551519000},"page":"5341-5346","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["Exploiting Apoptosis for Therapeutic Tolerance Induction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"191","author":[{"given":"Daniel R","family":"Getts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick P","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen D","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University , Chicago, IL 60611"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032406004849400_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2134","article-title":"CD3-specific antibodies: a portal to the treatment of autoimmunity","volume":"7","author":"Chatenoud","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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