{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:09:31Z","timestamp":1790856571559,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Inflammation is associated with development of atherosclerosis, and cholesterol crystals (CC) have long been recognized as a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. CC appear early in the atheroma development and trigger inflammation by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this study we hypothesized whether CC employ the complement system to activate inflammasome\/caspase-1, leading to release of mature IL-1\u03b2, and whether complement activation regulates CC-induced cytokine production. In this study we describe that CC activated both the classical and alternative complement pathways, and C1q was found to be crucial for the activation. CC employed C5a in the release of a number of cytokines in whole blood, including IL-1\u03b2 and TNF. CC induced minimal amounts of cytokines in C5-deficient whole blood, until reconstituted with C5. Furthermore, C5a and TNF in combination acted as a potent primer for CC-induced IL-1\u03b2 release by increasing IL-1\u03b2 transcripts. CC-induced complement activation resulted in upregulation of complement receptor 3 (CD11b\/CD18), leading to phagocytosis of CC. Also, CC mounted a complement-dependent production of reactive oxygen species and active caspase-1. We conclude that CC employ the complement system to induce cytokines and activate the inflammasome\/caspase-1 by regulating several cellular responses in human monocytes. In light of this, complement inhibition might be an interesting therapeutic approach for treatment of atherosclerosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,20]],"date-time":"2014-02-20T06:01:50Z","timestamp":1392876110000},"page":"2837-2845","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":267,"title":["Cholesterol Crystals Induce Complement-Dependent Inflammasome Activation and Cytokine Release"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Eivind O","family":"Samstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalie","family":"Niyonzima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stig","family":"Nymo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo N-0027,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital , Bod\u00f8 N-8092,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Troms\u00f8 , Troms\u00f8 N-9037,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie H","family":"Aune","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liv","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siril S","family":"Bakke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut T","family":"Lappeg\u00e5rd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Troms\u00f8 , Troms\u00f8 N-9037,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Nordland Hospital , Bod\u00f8 N-8092,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ole-Lars","family":"Brekke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital , Bod\u00f8 N-8092,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Troms\u00f8 , Troms\u00f8 N-9037,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D","family":"Lambris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA 19104"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan K","family":"Dam\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eicke","family":"Latz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Institute of Innate Immunity, Biomedical Center, University of Bonn , Bonn 53127,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom E","family":"Mollnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim N-7491,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo N-0027,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nordland Hospital , Bod\u00f8 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