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This study characterized the distribution and phenotype of human (Ag-specific) mBCs in peripheral blood (PB), spleen, tonsil, and bone marrow. We found that the spleen harbors most mBCs, followed by tonsils, BM, and PB, and we detected no major differences in expression of markers associated with higher maturity. Testing the distribution of tetanus toxoid\u2013specific (TT+) mBCs revealed their presence in PB during steady state, yet absolute numbers suggested their largest reservoir in the spleen, followed by tonsils. To explore the role of both tissues in the maintenance of reactive B cell memory, we revaccinated controls and splenectomized and tonsillectomized individuals with TT. All donor groups exhibited comparable emergence of anti-TT IgG, TT+ plasma cells, and TT+ mBCs in the PB, together with similar molecular characteristics of TT+ plasma cells. In summary, human mBCs recirculate through PB and reside in different lymphoid organs that do not reflect different mBC maturity stages. The spleen and tonsil, although harboring the largest number of overall and TT+ mBCs, appear to be dispensable to preserve adequate responsiveness to secondary antigenic challenge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,25]],"date-time":"2014-02-25T06:13:11Z","timestamp":1393308791000},"page":"3091-3100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Tissue Distribution and Dependence of Responsiveness of Human Antigen-Specific Memory B Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Giesecke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fr\u00f6lich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik E","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Wirries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Kuhly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr An\u00e4sthesologie urn Operative Intensivmedizin, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Killig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timor","family":"Glatzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"St\u00f6lzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Perka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Klinik f\u00fcr Unfallchirurgie und Orthop\u00e4die, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter E","family":"Lipsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"D\u00f6rner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Charite Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum Berlin , 10117 Berlin,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032404200198200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(99)80029-6","article-title":"B cell memory and the long-lived plasma cell","volume":"11","author":"McHeyzer-Williams","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. 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