{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:34:33Z","timestamp":1790728473436,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]],"date-time":"2014-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We performed unbiased, comprehensive immunophenotyping of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood leukocytes in 221 subjects referred for the diagnostic work-up of neuroimmunological disorders to obtain insight about disease-specific phenotypes of intrathecal immune responses. Quantification of 14 different immune cell subsets, coupled with the assessment of their activation status, revealed physiological differences between intrathecal and systemic immunity, irrespective of final diagnosis. Our data are consistent with a model where the CNS shapes intrathecal immune responses to provide effective protection against persistent viral infections, especially by memory T cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and CD56bright NK cells. Our data also argue that CSF immune cells do not simply reflect cells recruited from the periphery. Instead, they represent a mixture of cells that are recruited from the blood, have been activated intrathecally and leave the CNS after performing effector functions. Diagnosis-specific differences provide mechanistic insight into the disease process in the defined subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS), neonatal onset multisystem inflammatory disease, and Aicardi\u2013Gouti\u00e8res syndrome. This analysis also determined that secondary-progressive MS patients are immunologically closer to relapsing\u2013remitting patients as compared with patients with primary-progressive MS. Because CSF immunophenotyping captures the biology of the intrathecal inflammatory processes, it has the potential to guide optimal selection of immunomodulatory therapies in individual patients and monitor their efficacy. Our study adds to the increasing number of publications that demonstrate poor correlation between systemic and intrathecal inflammatory biomarkers in patients with neuroimmunological diseases and stresses the importance of studying immune responses directly in the intrathecal compartment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,8]],"date-time":"2014-02-08T07:33:41Z","timestamp":1391844821000},"page":"2551-2563","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":113,"title":["Comprehensive Immunophenotyping of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cells in Patients with Neuroimmunological Diseases"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Sungpil","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Yangsan 626870,","place":["South Korea"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen Chih","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianxia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience Program, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan D","family":"Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ina","family":"Mexhitaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone C","family":"Wuest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Romm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroimmunological Diseases Unit, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 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