{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:15:44Z","timestamp":1792023344193,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a leading contributor to mortality during recent influenza pandemics. The mechanism for this influenza-induced susceptibility to secondary S. aureus infection is poorly understood. In this study, we show that innate antibacterial immunity was significantly suppressed during the recovery stage of influenza infection, even though MRSA superinfection had no significant effect on viral burdens. Compared with mice infected with bacteria alone, postinfluenza MRSA\u2013infected mice exhibited impaired bacterial clearance, which was not due to defective phagocyte recruitment, but rather coincided with reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. NADPH oxidase is responsible for reactive oxygen species production during phagocytic bacterial killing, a process also known as oxidative burst. We found that gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase activity in macrophages and neutrophils was essential for optimal bacterial clearance during respiratory MRSA infections. In contrast to wild-type animals, gp91phox\u2212\/\u2212 mice exhibited similar defects in MRSA clearance before and after influenza infection. Using gp91phox+\/\u2212 mosaic mice, we further demonstrate that influenza infection inhibits a cell-intrinsic contribution of NADPH oxidase to phagocyte bactericidal activity. Taken together, our results establish that influenza infection suppresses NADPH oxidase\u2013dependent bacterial clearance and leads to susceptibility to secondary MRSA infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,22]],"date-time":"2014-02-22T06:32:59Z","timestamp":1393050779000},"page":"3301-3307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"title":["Influenza Infection Suppresses NADPH Oxidase\u2013Dependent Phagocytic Bacterial Clearance and Enhances Susceptibility to Secondary Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Keer","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY 12208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis W","family":"Metzger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College , Albany, NY 12208"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032404203796000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1086\/591708","article-title":"Predominant role of bacterial pneumonia as a cause of death in pandemic influenza: implications for pandemic influenza preparedness","volume":"198","author":"Morens","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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