{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:32:22Z","timestamp":1790947942823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]],"date-time":"2014-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Ammonia levels are often elevated in patients with cirrhosis or tumors. Patients with these diseases are immunocompromised. In this study, we investigated the effects of ammonia on a member of the immune cell family, the dendritic cells (DCs). Our results demonstrated that ammonia diminished cell count, phagocytosis, and lymphocyte stimulation of DCs. Ammonia also induced DC swelling, excessive reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial damage, which may constitute the underlying mechanism of ammonia-induced DC dysfunction. In ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)\u2013loaded mice, DCs exhibited lowered phagocytosis and a weakened immune response to the chicken OVA vaccine. DCs from patients with cirrhosis or ammonia-treated healthy human blood both exhibited diminished phagocytosis. Moreover, tumor cell conditioned medium drove DCs into dysfunction, which could be reversed by ammonia elimination. In a murine colon carcinoma model, we found that ammonia could regulate tumor growth involving DCs and their related immune response. These findings reveal that ammonia could drive DCs into dysfunction, which contributes to the immunocompromised state of patients with cirrhosis or tumors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T05:49:44Z","timestamp":1403761784000},"page":"1080-1089","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Ammonia Drives Dendritic Cells into Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"193","author":[{"given":"Can","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s 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Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xikun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Digestive Diseases, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Sichuan 610041 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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