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All-trans RA binds to its nuclear retinoic acid receptors that are expressed in lymphoid cells and act as transcription factors to regulate cell homing and differentiation. RA production by CD103+ dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages functions with TGF-\u03b2 to promote conversion of naive T cells into Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and, thereby, maintain mucosal tolerance. Furthermore, RA inhibits the differentiation of naive T cells into Th17 cells. However, Th1 and Th17 responses are constrained during vitamin A deficiency and in nuclear RA receptor \u03b1\u2013defective mice. Furthermore, RA promotes effector T cell responses during infection or autoimmune diseases. Thus, RA plays a role in immune homeostasis in the steady-state but activates pathogenic T cells in conditions of inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T20:39:22Z","timestamp":1395434362000},"page":"2953-2958","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Modulation of T Cell and Innate Immune Responses by Retinoic Acid"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Mathilde","family":"Raverdeau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Regulation Research Group and Immunology Research Centre, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingston H G","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immune Regulation Research Group and Immunology Research Centre, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032404201401100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1946.00890200155008","article-title":"Congenital malformations induced in rats by maternal vitamin A deficiency; defects of the eye","volume":"35","author":"Warkany","year":"1946","journal-title":"Arch. 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