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During CSR, AID instigates DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation in switch (S) regions located upstream of C region genes. DSBs are necessary for CSR, but improper regulation of DSBs can lead to chromosomal translocations that can result in B cell lymphoma. The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is an important proximal regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR), and translocations involving S regions are increased in its absence. ATM phosphorylates H2AX, which recruits other DNA damage response (DDR) proteins, including mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (Mdc1) and p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1), to sites of DNA damage. As these DDR proteins all function to promote repair and recombination of DSBs during CSR, we examined whether mouse splenic B cells deficient in these proteins would show alterations in S region DSBs when undergoing CSR. We find that in atm\u2212\/\u2212 cells S\u03bc DSBs are increased, whereas DSBs in downstream S\u03b3 regions are decreased. We also find that mutations in the unrearranged S\u03b33 segment are reduced in atm\u2212\/\u2212 cells. Our data suggest that ATM increases AID targeting and activity at downstream acceptor S regions during CSR and that in atm\u2212\/\u2212 cells S\u03bc DSBs accumulate as they lack a recombination partner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1303481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,12]],"date-time":"2014-04-12T06:05:04Z","timestamp":1397282704000},"page":"4887-4896","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["ATM Increases Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Activity at Downstream S Regions during Class-Switch Recombination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"192","author":[{"given":"Lyne","family":"Khair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeroen E J","family":"Guikema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin K","family":"Linehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna J","family":"Ucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niek G J","family":"Leus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Ogilvie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenkun","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, MN 55905"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol E","family":"Schrader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Stavnezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA 01605"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032404291888200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090248","article-title":"Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination","volume":"26","author":"Stavnezer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. 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