{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:23:34Z","timestamp":1787793814486,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>IL-1\u03b2 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine of the innate immune system that is involved in host defense against infection. However, increased production of IL-1\u03b2 plays a pathogenic role in various inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, gout, sepsis, stroke, and transplant rejection. To prevent detrimental collateral damage, IL-1\u03b2 release is tightly controlled and typically requires two consecutive danger signals. LPS from Gram-negative bacteria is a prototypical first signal inducing pro\u2013IL-1\u03b2 synthesis, whereas extracellular ATP is a typical second signal sensed by the ATP receptor P2X7 that triggers activation of the NLRP3-containing inflammasome, proteolytic cleavage of pro\u2013IL-1\u03b2 by caspase-1, and release of mature IL-1\u03b2. Mechanisms controlling IL-1\u03b2 release, even in the presence of both danger signals, are needed to protect from collateral damage and are of therapeutic interest. In this article, we show that acetylcholine, choline, phosphocholine, phosphocholine-modified LPS from Haemophilus influenzae, and phosphocholine-modified protein efficiently inhibit ATP-mediated IL-1\u03b2 release in human and rat monocytes via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing subunits \u03b17, \u03b19, and\/or \u03b110. Of note, we identify receptors for phosphocholine-modified macromolecules that are synthesized by microbes and eukaryotic parasites and are well-known modulators of the immune system. Our data suggest that an endogenous anti-inflammatory cholinergic control mechanism effectively controls ATP-mediated release of IL-1\u03b2 and that the same mechanism is used by symbionts and misused by parasites to evade innate immune responses of the host.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T21:59:44Z","timestamp":1437602384000},"page":"2325-2334","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Phosphocholine-Modified Macromolecules and Canonical Nicotinic Agonists Inhibit ATP-Induced IL-1\u03b2 Release"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Hecker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , D-35385 Giessen 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Philipps-University Marburg , D-35043 Marburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg , D-35043 Marburg ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winfried","family":"Padberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , D-35385 Giessen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen , D-35392 Giessen 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