{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:05:30Z","timestamp":1791248730214,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Regulatory T cell (Treg) therapy is a promising approach for transplant rejection and severe autoimmunity. Unfortunately, clinically meaningful Treg numbers can be obtained only upon in vitro culture. Functional stability of human expanded (e)Tregs and induced (i)Tregs has not been thoroughly addressed for all proposed protocols, hindering clinical translation. We undertook a systematic comparison of eTregs and iTregs to recommend the most suitable for clinical implementation, and then tested their effectiveness and feasibility in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Regardless of the treatment, iTregs acquired suppressive function and FOXP3 expression, but lost them upon secondary restimulation in the absence of differentiation factors, which mimics in vivo reactivation. In contrast, eTregs expanded in the presence of rapamycin (rapa) retained their regulatory properties and FOXP3 demethylation upon restimulation with no stabilizing agent. FOXP3 demethylation predicted Treg functional stability upon secondary TCR engagement. Rapa eTregs suppressed conventional T cell proliferation via both surface (CTLA-4) and secreted (IL-10, TGF-\u03b2, and IL-35) mediators, similarly to ex vivo Tregs. Importantly, Treg expansion with rapa from RA patients produced functionally stable Tregs with yields comparable to healthy donors. Moreover, rapa eTregs from RA patients were resistant to suppression reversal by the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-\u03b1, and were more efficient in suppressing synovial conventional T cell proliferation compared with their ex vivo counterparts, suggesting that rapa improves both Treg function and stability. In conclusion, our data indicate Treg expansion with rapa as the protocol of choice for clinical application in rheumatological settings, with assessment of FOXP3 demethylation as a necessary quality control step.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T08:22:58Z","timestamp":1417508578000},"page":"113-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Ex Vivo\u2013Expanded but Not In Vitro\u2013Induced Human Regulatory T Cells Are Candidates for Cell Therapy in Autoimmune Diseases Thanks to Stable Demethylation of the FOXP3 Regulatory T Cell\u2013Specific Demethylated Region"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3347-6200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Rossetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA 92037"},{"name":"SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth , 169856 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8282-7658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Spreafico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA 92037"},{"name":"SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth , 169856 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzan","family":"Saidin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth , 169856 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillus","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth , 169856 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Moshref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing Yao","family":"Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth , 169856 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"York Kiat","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital , 169608 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Duke\u2013National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School , 169857 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 117597 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Thumboo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Singapore General Hospital , 169608 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Duke\u2013National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School , 169857 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 117597 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorg","family":"van Loosdregt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Albani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute , La Jolla, CA 92037"},{"name":"SingHealth Translational Immunology and Inflammation Centre, SingHealth , 169856 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Duke\u2013National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School , 169857 \u00a0","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031310004011600_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: mechanisms of differentiation and function","volume":"30","author":"Josefowicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. 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