{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:01:02Z","timestamp":1790355662479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Live attenuated vaccines such as SIV with a deleted nef gene have provided the most robust protection against subsequent vaginal challenge with wild-type (WT) SIV in the SIV\u2013rhesus macaque model of HIV-1 transmission to women. Hence, identifying correlates of this protection could enable design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. One such prechallenge correlate of protection from vaginal challenge has recently been identified as a system with three components: 1) IgG Abs reacting with the viral envelope glycoprotein trimeric gp41; 2) produced by plasma cells in the submucosa and ectopic tertiary lymphoid follicles in the ectocervix and vagina; and 3) concentrated on the path of virus entry by the neonatal FcR in the overlying epithelium. We now examine the mucosal production of the Ab component of this system after vaginal challenge. We show that vaginal challenge immediately elicits striking increases in plasma cells not only in the female reproductive tract but also at other mucosal sites, and that these increases correlate with low but persistent replication at mucosal sites. We describe vaginal ectopic follicles that are structurally and functionally organized similar to follicles in secondary lymphoid organs, and we provide inferential evidence for a key role of the female reproductive tract epithelium in facilitating Ab production, affinity maturation, and class switch recombination. Vaccination thus accesses an epithelial\u2013immune system axis in the female reproductive tract to respond to exposure to mucosal pathogens. Designing strategies to mimic this system could advance development of an effective HIV-1 vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,11]],"date-time":"2016-02-11T03:58:40Z","timestamp":1455163120000},"page":"2809-2818","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Mucosal Humoral Immune Response to SIVmac239\u2206nef Vaccination and Vaginal Challenge"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Ming","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen W","family":"Wietgrefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative Neutralizing Antibody Center, Center for HIV\/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Design, The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla, CA 92037"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John V","family":"Carlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Michael","family":"Piatak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute , Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D","family":"Lifson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Science Applications International Corporation\u2013Frederick, Inc., National Cancer Institute , Frederick, MD 21702"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Paul","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School , Southborough, MA, 01772"},{"name":"Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard , Cambridge, MA 02139"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley T","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702145461000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08757","article-title":"Targeting early infection to prevent HIV-1 mucosal transmission","volume":"464","author":"Haase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030702145461000_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1112489","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS in women: an expanding epidemic","volume":"308","author":"Quinn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025030702145461000_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470917","article-title":"Protective effects of a live attenuated SIV vaccine with a deletion in the nef gene","volume":"258","author":"Daniel","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2025030702145461000_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/5515","article-title":"Live attenuated AIDS vaccines: hazards and hopes","volume":"5","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. 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