{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:40:26Z","timestamp":1784684426206,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Translation of therapeutic vaccines for addiction, cancer, or other chronic noncommunicable diseases has been slow because only a small subset of immunized subjects achieved effective Ab levels. We hypothesize that individual variability in the number of naive and early-activated hapten-specific B cells determines postvaccination serum Ab levels and vaccine efficacy. Using a model vaccine against the highly abused prescription opioid oxycodone, the polyclonal B cell population specific for an oxycodone-based hapten (6OXY) was analyzed by flow cytometry paired with Ag-based magnetic enrichment. A higher frequency of 6OXY-specific B cells in either spleen biopsies or blood, before and after immunization, correlated to subsequent greater oxycodone-specific serum Ab titers and their efficacy in blocking oxycodone distribution to the brain and oxycodone-induced behavior in mice. The magnitude of 6OXY-specific B cell activation and vaccine efficacy was tightly correlated to the size of the CD4+ T cell population. The frequency of enriched 6OXY-specific B cells was consistent across various mouse tissues. These data provide novel evidence that variations in the frequency of naive or early-activated vaccine-specific B and T cells can account for individual responses to vaccines and may predict the clinical efficacy of a therapeutic vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,14]],"date-time":"2015-05-14T02:42:37Z","timestamp":1431571357000},"page":"5926-5936","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["The Frequency of Naive and Early-Activated Hapten-Specific B Cell Subsets Dictates the Efficacy of a Therapeutic Vaccine against Prescription Opioid Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"194","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Laudenbach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN 55415"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Baruffaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN 55415"},{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, Facolt\u00e0 di Scienze del Farmaco , Milan ,","place":["Italy 20133"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey S","family":"Vervacke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark D","family":"Distefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J","family":"Titcombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah J","family":"Tubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas S","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pravetoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation , Minneapolis, MN 55415"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030706582093200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12288","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1402981111","article-title":"Vaccines, new opportunities for a new society","volume":"111","author":"Rappuoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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