{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:00:25Z","timestamp":1787900425074,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Although Streptococcus pneumoniae is usually found as a commensal in healthy individuals, it can act as a pathogen in trauma patients, causing such complications as early-onset pneumonia and sepsis. We discovered that treating mice with an A-class CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) at 2 h after traumatic injury significantly improved mouse survival following early-onset secondary lung infection with S. pneumoniae. This study used mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight) and Luminex technologies to characterize the cellular immune response to secondary S. pneumoniae lung infection at 1 and 3 d postinfection. We found increased expression of CD14, CD64, and PD-L1 on F4-80+ and F4-80+CD11c+ macrophages, CD11c+ dendritic cells, and CD14+CD172a+ cells after burn-injury and infection, supporting previous reports of innate immune cell activation in sepsis. CpG-ODN treatment at 2 h after burn-injury reversed these effects; improved pathogen clearance; and led to an increased expression of CD25, CD27, MHCII, and IL-17 on or in TCR\u03b3\u03b4 cells at 1 d postinfection. At 3 d postinfection, CpG-ODN treatment increased the expression of PD-L1 on innate cell subsets. Furthermore, we analyzed cytokine levels in lung-washout samples of TCR\u03b3\u03b4 cell\u2013depleted (TCR\u03b3\u03b4\u2212) mice to demonstrate that the effects of CpG-ODN on cytokine expression after burn-injury and S. pneumoniae infection rely on functional TCR\u03b3\u03b4 cells. In summary, we demonstrate that cytometry by time-of-flight provides an effective strategy to systematically identify specific cellular phenotypic responses to trauma and bacterial pneumonia and to discover changes in immune system phenotypes associated with beneficial immunotherapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]],"date-time":"2015-12-17T01:29:32Z","timestamp":1450315772000},"page":"767-777","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Beneficial Effects of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotide Treatment on Trauma and Secondary Lung Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Lorenz","family":"Wanke-Jellinek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115"},{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, Technical University of Munich , 81675 Munich ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua W","family":"Keegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115"},{"name":"Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang 330006 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6786-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianfei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Xinquiao Hospital, The Third Military Medical University , Chongqing 400037 ,","place":["People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A","family":"Lederer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA 02115"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702115719500_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000600","article-title":"Increasing trauma deaths in the United States","volume":"260","author":"Rhee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. 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