{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T05:46:02Z","timestamp":1793079962421,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]],"date-time":"2015-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia and astrocytes produce IFN-\u03b3 in response to various stimulations, including LPS. However, the physiological role of IFN-\u03b3 production by brain-resident cells, including glial cells, in resistance against cerebral infections remains unknown. We analyzed the role of IFN-\u03b3 production by brain-resident cells in resistance to reactivation of cerebral infection with Toxoplasma gondii using a murine model. Our study using bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that IFN-\u03b3 production by brain-resident cells is essential for upregulating IFN-\u03b3\u2013mediated protective innate immune responses to restrict cerebral T. gondii growth. Studies using a transgenic strain that expresses IFN-\u03b3 only in CD11b+ cells suggested that IFN-\u03b3 production by microglia, which is the only CD11b+ cell population among brain-resident cells, is able to suppress the parasite growth. Furthermore, IFN-\u03b3 produced by brain-resident cells is pivotal for recruiting T cells into the brain to control the infection. These results indicate that IFN-\u03b3 produced by brain-resident cells is crucial for facilitating both the protective innate and T cell\u2013mediated immune responses to control cerebral infection with T. gondii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1500814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,20]],"date-time":"2015-06-20T02:30:43Z","timestamp":1434767443000},"page":"796-800","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Cutting Edge: IFN-\u03b3 Produced by Brain-Resident Cells Is Crucial To Control Cerebral Infection with <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Qila","family":"Sa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eri","family":"Ochiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Perkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremi","family":"Mullins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Gehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Huckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willard H","family":"Eyestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas L","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transgenic Animal Model Core, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brent J","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky College of Public Health , Lexington, KY 40504"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine , Lexington, KY 40536"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University , Blacksburg, VA 24061"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030703592159800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025030703592159800_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.2920-2927.2001","article-title":"Requirement of non-T cells that produce gamma interferon for prevention of reactivation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the brain","volume":"69","author":"Kang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. 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