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However, the precise influence of inflammatory cytokines on NK cell and CD4 T lymphocyte interactions was never investigated. In this study, we provide evidence that IL-21, a cytokine produced during chronic inflammation or infectious diseases, promotes the differentiation of a specific subset of NK cells coexpressing CD86 and HLA-DR and lacking NKp44. More importantly, IL-21\u2013propagated HLA-DR+ NK cells produce macrophage migration inhibitory factor and provide costimulatory signaling during naive CD4+ T cell priming inducing the differentiation of uncommitted central memory T cells. Central memory T cells expanded in the presence of HLA-DR+ NK cells are CXCR3+CCR6\u2212CCR4\u2212CXCR5\u2212 and produce IL-2, as well as low levels of TNF-\u03b1. Costimulation of CD4+ T cells by HLA-DR+ NK cells prevents the acquisition of effector memory phenotype induced by IL-2. Moreover, we identified this population of NK HLA-DR+ macrophage migration inhibitory factor+ cells in inflammatory human appendix. Collectively, these results demonstrate a novel function for IL-21 in tuning NK and CD4+ T cell interactions promoting a specific expansion of central memory lymphocytes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,28]],"date-time":"2016-05-28T02:08:46Z","timestamp":1464401326000},"page":"85-96","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["IL-21\u2013Induced MHC Class II+ NK Cells Promote the Expansion of Human Uncommitted CD4+ Central Memory T Cells in a Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor\u2013Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8039-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romain","family":"Loyon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 , 25000 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25000 Besan\u00e7on,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Etablissement Fran\u00e7ais du Sang , 25000 Besan\u00e7on,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Center for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne , Lausanne 1066,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Godet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 , 25000 Besan\u00e7on,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM Unit 1098, University of Franche-Comt\u00e9 , 25000 Besan\u00e7on,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Clinical Investigation Center for Biotherapies , 25000 Besan\u00e7on,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Etablissement Fran\u00e7ais du Sang , 25000 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