{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:49:46Z","timestamp":1791002986349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) is an HLA-associated disorder characterized by a harmful T cell response to dietary gluten. It is not understood why most individuals who carry CD-associated HLA molecules, such as HLA-DQ2.5, do not develop CD despite continuous gluten exposure. In this study, we have used tetramers of HLA-DQ2.5 bound with immunodominant gluten epitopes to explore whether HLA-DQ2.5+ healthy individuals mount a specific CD4+ T cell response to gluten. We found that gluten tetramer-binding memory cells were rare in blood of healthy individuals. These cells showed lower tetramer-binding intensity and no signs of biased TCR usage compared with gluten tetramer-binding memory T cells from patients. After sorting and in vitro expansion, only 18% of the tetramer-binding memory cells from healthy subjects versus 79% in CD patients were gluten-reactive upon tetramer restaining. Further, T cell clones of tetramer-sorted memory cells of healthy individuals showed lower gluten-specific proliferative responses compared with those of CD patients, indicating that tetramer-binding memory cells in healthy control subjects may be cross-reactive T cells. In duodenal biopsy specimens of healthy control subjects, CD4+ T cells were determined not to be gluten reactive. Finally, gluten tetramer-binding cells of healthy individuals did not coexpress regulatory T cell markers (Foxp3+ CD25+) and cultured T cell clones did not express a cytokine profile that indicated immune-dampening properties. The results demonstrate that healthy HLA-DQ2.5+ individuals do not mount a T cell response to immunodominant gluten epitopes of CD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]],"date-time":"2016-02-20T03:13:18Z","timestamp":1455937998000},"page":"2819-2826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Healthy HLA-DQ2.5+ Subjects Lack Regulatory and Memory T Cells Specific for Immunodominant Gluten Epitopes of Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Asbj\u00f8rn","family":"Christophersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise F","family":"Risnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elin","family":"Bergseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut E A","family":"Lundin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Oslo University Hospital\u2013Rikshospitalet , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludvig M","family":"Sollid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo-Wang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital , 0372 Oslo ,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702143255100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2006.07.004","article-title":"Chemistry of gluten proteins","volume":"24","author":"Wieser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030702143255100_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.169.1.345","article-title":"Evidence for a primary association of celiac disease to a particular HLA-DQ \u03b1\/\u03b2 heterodimer","volume":"169","author":"Sollid","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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