{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T05:27:04Z","timestamp":1741325224551,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>HIV-1 infection is characterized by persistent viral replication, chronic immune activation, and CD4+ T cell depletion. Moreover, several immune dysfunctions are observed in cells that are not targeted by the virus, such as B cells. Some B cell abnormalities include hypergammaglobulinemia, nonspecific B cell activation, class switching, increased cell turnover, breakage of tolerance, and a loss of the capacity to generate and maintain memory. Several cytokines and growth factors that are increased in the serum of HIV-1\u2013infected individuals have been suggested to directly or indirectly trigger B cell activation, and one of these is BAFF. In this study, we investigate the ability of fully competent (R5-tropic) HIV-1 to induce BAFF production by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). We demonstrate here that HIV-1 drives BAFF production in MDMs in a type-I IFN\u2013 and TLR-independent manner. Moreover, we determine that HIV-1 Nef accessory protein is dispensable in BAFF upregulation as a nef-deleted HIV-1 strain is still able to increase BAFF at levels similar to the wild type strain. Finally, we show that the macrophage phenotype status affects HIV-1 replication and BAFF induction, as both were abrogated in MDMs displaying a M1 phenotype. This study provides new useful information about the increased levels of BAFF observed during HIV-1 infection and highlights the importance of macrophages as a source of BAFF, a phenomenon that might contribute to B cell dysfunctions at inflammatory tissue sites in infected individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,29]],"date-time":"2016-03-29T02:18:37Z","timestamp":1459217917000},"page":"3806-3817","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["HIV-1\u2013Mediated BAFF Secretion in Macrophages Does Not Require Endosomal TLRs, Type-I IFN, and Nef, but Depends on the Cellular Phenotype Status"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6955-5977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro M","family":"Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-7535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Ouellet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4157-4687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Deshiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7579-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yann","family":"Breton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6919-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel J","family":"Tremblay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Qu\u00e9bec-Universit\u00e9 Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G2 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"D\u00e9partement de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702161469300_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-011110-130254","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms of HIV disease","volume":"6","author":"Moir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. 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