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M1 monocytes (IL-12+IL-10\u2212CD163\u2212CD14+ cells), major effector cells in antibacterial innate immunity, were not induced by a bacterial Ag in alcoholic PBMC cultures, and M2b monocytes (CCL1+CD163+CD14+ cells), which predominated in alcoholic PBMCs, were shown to be inhibitor cells on the Ag-stimulated monocyte conversion from quiescent monocytes to M1 monocytes. CCL1, which functions to maintain M2b macrophage properties, was produced by M2b monocytes isolated from alcoholic PBMCs. These M2b monocytes reverted to quiescent monocytes (IL-12\u2212IL-10\u2212CCL1\u2212CD163\u2212CD14+ cells) in cultures supplemented with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, and the subsequent quiescent monocytes easily converted to M1 monocytes under bacterial Ag stimulation. Alcoholic PBMC chimeras treated with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide were resistant against pulmonary infection by K. pneumoniae and sepsis stemming from enterococcal translocation. These results indicate that a majority of monocytes polarize to an M2b phenotype in association with alcohol abuse, and this polarization contributes to the increased susceptibility of alcoholics to gut and lung infections. Bacterial pneumonia and gut bacteria-associated sepsis, frequently seen in alcoholics, can be controlled through the polarization of macrophage phenotypes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,3]],"date-time":"2015-11-03T03:03:32Z","timestamp":1446519812000},"page":"5169-5177","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["M2b Monocytes Provoke Bacterial Pneumonia and Gut Bacteria\u2013Associated Sepsis in Alcoholics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Tsuchimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki 569-8686 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6028-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Asai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki 569-8686 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiro","family":"Tsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki 569-8686 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiaki","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Nishiguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie C","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumihiro","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth, TX 76107"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhide","family":"Higuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College , Takatsuki 569-8686 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fujio","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX 77555"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030704261453900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3280f629f0","article-title":"Aspiration pneumonias: under-diagnosed and under-treated","volume":"13","author":"Shigemitsu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. 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