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In systemic immunity, they are central in the acute-phase response, which floods the circulation with defensive proteins during diverse stresses, including ischemia, physical trauma, and sepsis. Hepatocytes express a variety of innate immune receptors and, when challenged with pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns, can deliver cell-autonomous innate immune responses that may result in host defense or in immunopathology. Important human pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert these responses. Finally, hepatocytes talk directly to T cells, resulting in a bias toward immune tolerance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T21:37:21Z","timestamp":1450474641000},"page":"17-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Hepatocytes as Immunological Agents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Ian N","family":"Crispe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702112752700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.03.001","article-title":"Acute phase response in zebrafish upon Aeromonas salmonicida and Staphylococcus aureus infection: striking similarities and obvious differences with mammals","volume":"44","author":"Lin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. 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