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However, recent evidence indicates that tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells play an important role in local murine intrapulmonary immunity. Rhesus monkeys were pulmonary exposed to 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus at days 0 and 28 and immune responses in different tissue compartments were measured. All animals were asymptomatic postinfection. Although only minimal memory immune responses were detected in peripheral blood, a high frequency of influenza nucleoprotein\u2013specific memory T cells was detected in the lung at the \u201ccontraction phase,\u201d 49\u201358 d after second virus inoculation. A substantial proportion of lung nucleoprotein-specific memory CD8+ T cells expressed CD103 and CD69, phenotypic markers of TRM cells. Lung CD103+ and CD103- memory CD8+ T cells expressed similar levels of IFN-\u03b3 and IL-2. Unlike memory T cells, spontaneous Ab secreting cells and memory B cells specific to influenza hemagglutinin were primarily observed in the mediastinal lymph nodes. Little difference in systemic and local immune responses against influenza was observed between young adult (6\u20138 y) and old animals (18\u201328 y). Using a nonhuman primate model, we revealed substantial induction of local T and B cell responses following 2009 pandemic H1N1 infection. Our study identified a subset of influenza-specific lung memory T cells characterized as TRM cells in rhesus monkeys. The rhesus monkey model may be useful to explore the role of TRM cells in local tissue protective immunity after rechallenge and vaccination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501702","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,26]],"date-time":"2015-09-26T00:28:35Z","timestamp":1443227315000},"page":"4378-4386","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Tissue Distribution of Memory T and B Cells in Rhesus Monkeys following Influenza A Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Sathit","family":"Pichyangkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosol","family":"Yongvanitchit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amporn","family":"Limsalakpetch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Utaiwan","family":"Kum-Arb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rawiwan","family":"Im-Erbsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kobporn","family":"Boonnak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arunee","family":"Thitithayanont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anan","family":"Jongkaewwattana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Pathum Thani 12120 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suwimon","family":"Wiboon-ut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duangrat","family":"Mongkolsirichaikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rangsini","family":"Mahanonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok 10330 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Spring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilin","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl J","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L","family":"Saunders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences , Bangkok 10400 ,","place":["Thailand"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030704203775000_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70295-X","article-title":"Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Osterholm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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