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We investigated the adjuvant activity of synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG-rich motifs linked to the sucrose polymer Ficoll, forming soluble 50-nm particles (DV230-Ficoll), each containing &amp;gt;100 molecules of the TLR9 ligand, DV230. DV230-Ficoll was evaluated as an adjuvant for a candidate vaccine for anthrax using recombinant protective Ag (rPA) from Bacillus anthracis. A single immunization with rPA plus DV230-Ficoll induced 10-fold higher titers of toxin-neutralizing Abs in cynomolgus monkeys at 2 wk compared with animals immunized with equivalent amounts of monomeric DV230. Monkeys immunized either once or twice with rPA plus DV230-Ficoll were completely protected from challenge with 200 LD50 aerosolized anthrax spores. In mice, DV230-Ficoll was more potent than DV230 for the induction of innate immune responses at the injection site and draining lymph nodes. DV230-Ficoll was preferentially colocalized with rPA in key APC populations and induced greater maturation marker expression (CD69 and CD86) on these cells and stronger germinal center B and T cell responses, relative to DV230. DV230-Ficoll was also preferentially retained at the injection site and draining lymph nodes and produced fewer systemic inflammatory responses. These findings support the development of DV230-Ficoll as an adjuvant platform, particularly for vaccines such as for anthrax, for which rapid induction of protective immunity and memory with a single injection is very important.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,25]],"date-time":"2015-11-25T22:04:22Z","timestamp":1448489062000},"page":"284-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A CpG-Ficoll Nanoparticle Adjuvant for Anthrax Protective Antigen Enhances Immunogenicity and Provides Single-Immunization Protection against Inhaled Anthrax in Monkeys"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"Melissa A","family":"Kachura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5524-2523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Hickle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sariah A","family":"Kell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atul","family":"Sathe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Calacsan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radwan","family":"Kiwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amnis Corp., EMD Millipore , Seattle, WA 98119"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Milley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert L","family":"Coffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Kanzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynavax Technologies , Berkeley, CA 94710"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702105594700_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2059","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of Toll-like receptor 9 activation","volume":"5","author":"Krieg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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