{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:09:27Z","timestamp":1790435367311,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3170,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human NK cells are activated by cytokines, immune complexes, and signals transduced via activating ligands on other host cells. After vaccination, or during secondary infection, adaptive immune responses can enhance both cytokine-driven and Ab-dependent NK cell responses. However, induction of NK cells for enhanced function after in vitro exposure to innate inflammatory cytokines has also been reported and may synergize with adaptive signals to potentiate NK cell activity during infection or vaccination. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of seasonal influenza vaccination on NK cell function and phenotype in 52 previously unvaccinated individuals. Enhanced, IL-2\u2013dependent, NK cell IFN-\u03b3 responses to Influenza A\/California\/7\/2009 virus were detected up to 4 wk postvaccination and higher in human CMV (HCMV)-seronegative (HCMV\u2212) individuals than in HCMV-seropositive (HCMV+) individuals. By comparison, robust NK cell degranulation responses were observed both before and after vaccination, due to high titers of naturally occurring anti-influenza Abs in human plasma, and did not differ between HCMV+ and HCMV\u2212 subjects. In addition to these IL-2\u2013dependent and Ab-dependent responses, NK cell responses to innate cytokines were also enhanced after influenza vaccination; this was associated with proliferation of CD57\u2212 NK cells and was most evident in HCMV+ subjects. Similar enhancement of cytokine responsiveness was observed when NK cells were cocultured in vitro with Influenza A\/California\/7\/2009 virus, and this was at least partially dependent upon IFN-\u03b1\u03b2R2. In summary, our data indicate that attenuated or live viral vaccines promote cytokine-induced memory-like NK cells and that this process is influenced by HCMV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,28]],"date-time":"2016-05-28T02:08:46Z","timestamp":1464401326000},"page":"313-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Influenza Vaccination Generates Cytokine-Induced Memory-like NK Cells: Impact of Human Cytomegalovirus Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"197","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8963-4768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin R","family":"Goodier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Rodriguez-Galan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3838-2203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Lusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9033-1318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolyn M","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alansana","family":"Darboe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"MRC International Nutrition Group, Medical Research Council, The Gambia Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-043X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana L","family":"Moldoveanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-2633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ron","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3447-3570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleanor M","family":"Riley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030617452597100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3178","article-title":"Innate immune memory: a paradigm shift in understanding host defense","volume":"16","author":"Netea","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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