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Cell type(s) responsible for the initiation of T cell\u2013produced IL-10 during VL are unknown. CD19+, CD5\u2212, CD1d\u2212, IgDhi regulatory B cells from healthy controls produced IL-10 in the absence of infection or stimulation, in contrast to IgDlo\/neg B cells. IgDhi B cells may have a de novo versus induced regulatory program. The population of IgDhi B cells increased 3-fold as VL progressed. B cells from VL dogs were necessary and sufficient to suppress Th1 cell effector function. IgDhi B cells induced IL-10 production by T cells and IgDlo B cells. Blockage of B cell\u2013specific PD-L1 restored Th1 responses. IgDhi regulatory B cells represent a novel regulatory B cell that may precipitate T cell exhaustion during VL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1502678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,14]],"date-time":"2016-04-14T00:10:06Z","timestamp":1460592606000},"page":"4100-4109","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Regulatory IgDhi B Cells Suppress T Cell Function via IL-10 and PD-L1 during Progressive Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"196","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2713-9013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert G","family":"Schaut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian M","family":"Lamb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-5780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela J","family":"Toepp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-4750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina O","family":"Mendes-Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Health Graduate Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal 1655, 59072-970 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas M\u00e9dicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz , Rio de Janeiro 4365, 21045-900 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose F V","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Health Graduate Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal 1655, 59072-970 ,","place":["Brazil"]},{"name":"Center for Zoonosis, Health Secretariat , Natal 1655, 59072-970 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4784-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selma M B","family":"Jeronimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Health Graduate Program, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte , Natal 1655, 59072-970 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7266-2802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John T","family":"Harty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6147-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J","family":"Waldschmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7285-4254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christine A","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health , Iowa City, IA 52242"},{"name":"Immunology Program, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030702171661100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03610.x","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: immunology and prospects for a vaccine","volume":"17","author":"Kaye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. 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