{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T09:22:34Z","timestamp":1786699354465,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Exposure to environmental allergens is a major risk factor for asthma development. Allergens possess proteolytic activity that is capable of disrupting the airway epithelium. Although there is increasing evidence pointing to asthma as an epithelial disease, the underlying mechanism that drives asthma has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the direct DNA damage potential of aeroallergens on human bronchial epithelial cells and elucidated the mechanisms mediating the damage. Human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B, directly exposed to house dust mites (HDM) resulted in enhanced DNA damage, as measured by the CometChip and the staining of DNA double-strand break marker, \u03b3H2AX. HDM stimulated cellular reactive oxygen species production, increased mitochondrial oxidative stress, and promoted nitrosative stress. Notably, expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2013related factor 2\u2013dependent antioxidant genes was reduced immediately after HDM exposure, suggesting that HDM altered antioxidant responses. HDM exposure also reduced cell proliferation and induced cell death. Importantly, HDM-induced DNA damage can be prevented by the antioxidants glutathione and catalase, suggesting that HDM-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species can be neutralized by antioxidants. Mechanistic studies revealed that HDM-induced cellular injury is NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent, and apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, protected cells from double-strand breaks induced by HDM. Our results show that direct exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to HDM leads to the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that damage DNA and induce cytotoxicity. Antioxidants and NOX inhibitors can prevent HDM-induced DNA damage, revealing a novel role for antioxidants and NOX inhibitors in mitigating allergic airway disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,20]],"date-time":"2017-05-20T00:20:22Z","timestamp":1495239622000},"page":"39-47","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Aeroallergens Induce Reactive Oxygen Species Production and DNA Damage and Dampen Antioxidant Responses in Bronchial Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Tze Khee","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System , Singapore 117600,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117456,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise , Singapore 138602,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5840-5698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W S Daniel","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System , Singapore 117600,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117456,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong Yong","family":"Peh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System , Singapore 117600,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117456,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W S Fred","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System , Singapore 117600,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Immunology Program, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117456,","place":["Singapore"]},{"name":"Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise , Singapore 138602,","place":["Singapore"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030612093245100_r1","volume-title":"World Allergy Organization (WAO) White Book on Allergy.","author":"Pawankar","year":"2011"},{"key":"2025030612093245100_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07204","article-title":"The development of allergic inflammation","volume":"454","author":"Galli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030612093245100_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07548","article-title":"Allergenicity resulting from functional mimicry of a Toll-like receptor complex protein","volume":"457","author":"Trompette","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030612093245100_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.06.036","article-title":"Allergens and the airway epithelium response: gateway to allergic sensitization","volume":"134","author":"Lambrecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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