{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:55:41Z","timestamp":1790366141225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The coordination of macrophage polarization is essential for the robust regenerative potential of skeletal muscle. Repair begins with a phase mediated by inflammatory monocytes (IM) and proinflammatory macrophages (M1), followed by polarization to a proregenerative macrophage (M2) phenotype. Recently, regulatory T cells (Tregs) were described as necessary for this M1 to M2 transition. We report that chronic infection with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes a nonresolving Th1 myositis with prolonged tissue damage associated with persistent M1 accumulation. Surprisingly, Treg ablation during chronic infection rescues macrophage homeostasis and skeletal muscle fiber regeneration, showing that Tregs can directly contribute to muscle damage. This study provides evidence that the tissue environment established by the parasite could lead to a paradoxical pathogenic role for Tregs. As such, these findings should be considered when tailoring therapies directed at Tregs in inflammatory settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600914","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,29]],"date-time":"2016-11-29T02:51:02Z","timestamp":1480387862000},"page":"352-362","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Regulatory T Cells Promote Myositis and Muscle Damage in <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i> Infection"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Richard M","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4837-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Warunek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reid R","family":"Heffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ira J","family":"Blader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A","family":"Wohlfert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York , Buffalo, NY 14214"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030614560066200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00062","article-title":"Macrophages in injured skeletal muscle: a perpetuum mobile causing and limiting fibrosis, prompting or restricting resolution and regeneration","volume":"2","author":"Bosurgi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. 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