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However, superantigen-producing Staphylococcus aureus strains are often part of the human nasal microbiome, and this carrier state has often been associated with some type 2 immune responses such as chronic sinusitis with polyps and atopic dermatitis. We have previously reported that the S. aureus cell wall downregulates the human T cell response to superantigens through a TLR2-dependent, IL-10\u2013mediated mechanism. In this study, we show that S. aureus also regulates the profile of superantigen-induced T cell recruitment. The staphylococcal superantigen SEE induced the production of Th1 cell\u2013recruiting chemokines, including IP-10, through an IFN-\u03b3\u2013dependent mechanism. Such an induction was suppressed by the concomitant presence of S. aureus. The downregulation of IP-10 by S. aureus was mediated by components of its cell wall, but was not due to peptidoglycan-induced IL-10 production. Instead, S. aureus triggered activation of MAPKs p38 and ERK, as well as inhibition of STAT1 signaling in monocytes, altogether contributing to the downregulation of IP-10 and other Th1 cell\u2013recruiting chemokines (e.g., CXCL9 and CXCL11). These effects translated into inhibition of superantigen-induced Th1 cell recruitment. Taken together, our data may explain why colonization of superantigen-producing S. aureus can induce, under some circumstances, mucosal type 2 immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,26]],"date-time":"2017-01-26T02:25:38Z","timestamp":1485397538000},"page":"1865-1874","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["<i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i> Downregulates IP-10 Production and Prevents Th1 Cell Recruitment"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Levast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6191-3733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Madrenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University , Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor\u2013UCLA Medical Center , Torrance, CA 90277"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025031312194511100_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0702.010204","article-title":"The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?","volume":"7","author":"Chambers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. 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