{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T12:10:43Z","timestamp":1783512643193,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus infection induces a wide range of effects in B cells, including skewed memory cell differentiation, compromised B cell function, and hypergammaglobulinemia. However, data on the extent to which these B cell abnormalities can be reversed by antiretroviral therapy (ART) are limited. To investigate the effect of ART on B cells, the activation (CD86) and differentiation (IgD, CD27, and CD38) profiles of B cells were measured longitudinally in 19 HIV-infected individuals before (median, 2 mo) and after ART initiation (median, 12 mo) and compared with 19 age-matched HIV-uninfected individuals using flow cytometry. Twelve months of ART restored the typical distribution of B cell subsets, increasing the proportion of naive B cells (CD27\u2212IgD+CD38\u2212) and concomitantly decreasing the immature transitional (CD27\u2212IgD+CD38+), unswitched memory (CD27+IgD+CD38\u2212), switched memory (CD27+IgD\u2212CD38\u2212 or CD27\u2212IgD\u2212CD38\u2212), and plasmablast (CD27+IgD\u2212CD38high) subsets. However, B cell activation was only partially normalized post-ART, with the frequency of activated B cells (CD86+CD40+) reduced compared with pre-ART levels (p = 0.0001), but remaining significantly higher compared with HIV-uninfected individuals (p = 0.0001). Interestingly, unlike for T cell activation profiles, the extent of B cell activation prior to ART did not correlate with HIV plasma viral load, but positively associated with plasma sCD14 levels (p = 0.01, r = 0.58). Overall, ART partially normalizes the skewed B cell profiles induced by HIV, with some activation persisting. Understanding the effects of HIV on B cell dysfunction and restoration following ART may provide important insights into the mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,31]],"date-time":"2016-12-31T02:15:18Z","timestamp":1483150518000},"page":"1220-1228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy on the Memory and Activation Profiles of B Cells in HIV-Infected African Women"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Ramla F","family":"Tanko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-222X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreia P","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracey L","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4530-234X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigel J","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4013,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3582-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Samsunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4013,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0985-477X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quarraisha","family":"Abdool Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4013,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4986-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim S","family":"Abdool Karim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban 4013,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Riou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy A","family":"Burgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town 7925,","place":["South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030615015260900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2276","article-title":"Immune activation and inflammation in HIV-1 infection: causes and consequences","volume":"214","author":"Appay","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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