{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:11:04Z","timestamp":1770102664636,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We previously reported that mice implanted with mammary tumors show a progressive thymic involution that parallels the growth of the tumor. The involution is associated with a severe depletion of CD4+8+ thymocytes. We have investigated three possible mechanisms leading to this thymic atrophy: 1) increased apoptosis, 2) decreased proliferation, and 3) disruption of normal thymic maturation. The levels of thymic apoptosis were determined by propidium iodide and annexin V staining. A statistically significant, but minor, increase in thymic apoptosis in tumor-bearing mice was detected with propidium iodide and annexin V staining. The levels of proliferation were assessed by in vivo labeling with 5\u2032-bromo-2\u2032-deoxyuridine (BrdU). The percentages of total thymocytes labeled 1 day following BrdU injection were similar in control and tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, the percentages of CD4\u22128\u2212 thymocytes that incorporated BrdU during a short term pulse (5 h) of BrdU were similar. Lastly, thymic maturation was evaluated by examining CD44 and CD25 expression among CD4\u22128\u2212 thymocytes. The percentage of CD44+ cells increased, while the percentage of CD25+ cells decreased among CD4\u22128\u2212 thymocytes from tumor-bearing vs control animals. Together, these findings suggest that the thymic hypocellularity seen in mammary tumor bearers is not due to a decreased level of proliferation, but, rather, to an arrest at an early stage of thymic differentiation along with a moderate increase in apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5635","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T20:57:35Z","timestamp":1398027455000},"page":"5635-5640","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Early Block in Maturation Is Associated with Thymic Involution in Mammary Tumor-Bearing Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Becky","family":"Adkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Medical School , Miami, FL 33136"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijaya","family":"Charyulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Florida Atlantic University , Boca Raton, FL 33443"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi-Ling","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Medical School , Miami, FL 33136"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Medical School , Miami, FL 33136"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana M","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Medical School , Miami, FL 33136"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020213190634400_R1","first-page":"249","volume-title":"J. 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