{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:20:36Z","timestamp":1791206436133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]],"date-time":"2000-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":951868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We demonstrated that IL-12 was induced during primary or secondary pulmonary adenoviral infection in wild-type (wt) mice. However, cellular responses were not compromised in the lungs of IL-12\u2212\/\u2212 mice. The level of IFN-\u03b3 in the lung was similar in wt and IL-12\u2212\/\u2212 mice during pulmonary viral infection. Upon Ag stimulation in vitro, lymphocytes from draining lymph nodes or spleen of infected IL-12\u2212\/\u2212 mice released large amounts of IFN-\u03b3, but not IL-4, which were comparable to those released by wt lymphocytes. Furthermore, a predominantly IgG2a response to adenoviral infection was unimpaired in IL-12\u2212\/\u2212 mice. These significant anti-adenoviral Th1-type responses in IL-12\u2212\/\u2212 mice led to an efficient clearance of virus-infected cells in the lung. Whether IL-18 was involved in IL-12-independent anti-adenoviral immune responses was investigated. Abrogation of endogenous IL-18 by an Ab resulted in diminished IFN-\u03b3 release and lymphocytic infiltrate in the lung during adenoviral infection. Nevertheless, the development of lymphocytes of the Th1 phenotype was unimpaired in the absence of both IL-12 and IL-18. In contrast to their intact ability to mount Th1-type responses to viral infection, IL-12\u2212\/\u2212 mice suffered impaired Th1-type immune responses to pulmonary mycobacterial infection. Our findings suggest that IL-12, although induced, is not required for Th1-type responses to respiratory viral infection, in contrast to mycobacterial infection. IL-18 is required for the optimal release of IFN-\u03b3 in the lung during viral infection, but is not required for the generation of virus-reactive Th1-type lymphocytes. Th1 differentiation during respiratory adenoviral infection may involve molecules different from IL-12 or IL-18.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.5.2575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T19:48:34Z","timestamp":1398109714000},"page":"2575-2584","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["IL-12-Independent Th1\n                    <i>-<\/i>\n                    Type Immune Responses to Respiratory Viral Infection: Requirement of IL-18 for IFN-\u03b3 Release in the Lung But Not for the Differentiation of Viral-Reactive Th1\n                    <i>-<\/i>\n                    Type Lymphocytes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Zhou","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Zganiacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maziar","family":"Divangahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fauzia","family":"Nawaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Gene Therapeutics, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020213175002700_R1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Annu. 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