{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T10:30:29Z","timestamp":1790937029623,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,1]],"date-time":"2000-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":954547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Recent studies have demonstrated that viral and bacterial infections can induce dramatic in vivo expansion of Ag-specific T lymphocytes. Although presentation of Ag is critical for activation of naive T cells, it is less clear how dependent subsequent in vivo T cell proliferation and memory generation are upon Ag. We investigated T cell expansion and memory generation in mice infected alternately with strains of Listeria monocytogenes that contained or lacked an immunodominant, MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope. We found substantial differences in the responses of effector and memory T cells to inflammatory stimuli. Although effector T cells undergo in vivo expansion in response to bacterial infection in the absence of Ag, memory T cells show no evidence for such bystander activation. However, Ag-independent expansion of effector T cells does not result in increased memory T cell frequencies, indicating that Ag presentation is critical for effective memory T cell generation. Early reinfection of mice with L. monocytogenes before the maximal primary T cell response induces typical memory expansion, suggesting that the capacity for a memory T cell response exists within the primary effector population. Our findings demonstrate that T cell effector proliferation and memory generation are temporally overlapping processes with differing requirements for Ag.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.8.4063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T02:13:19Z","timestamp":1398132799000},"page":"4063-4070","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Differing Roles of Inflammation and Antigen in T Cell Proliferation and Memory Generation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Dirk H","family":"Busch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen M","family":"Kerksiek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric G","family":"Pamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sections of Infectious Diseases and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06511"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032908454756200_R1","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Science","year":"1996"},{"key":"2025032908454756200_R2","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Annu. 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