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In two different weakly immunogenic murine lung cancer models, intermittent administration of THC (5 mg\/kg, four times\/wk i.p. for 4 wk) led to accelerated growth of tumor implants compared with treatment with diluent alone. In contrast to our findings in immunocompetent mice, THC did not affect tumor growth in tumor-bearing SCID mice. The immune inhibitory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2, were augmented, while IFN-\u03b3 was down-regulated at both the tumor site and in the spleens of THC-treated mice. Administration of either anti-IL-10- or anti-TGF-\u03b2-neutralizing Abs prevented the THC-induced enhancement in tumor growth. Both APC and T cells from THC-treated mice showed limited capacities to generate alloreactivity. Furthermore, lymphocytes from THC-treated mice transferred the effect to normal mice, resulting in accelerated tumor growth similar to that seen in the THC-treated mice. THC decreased tumor immunogenicity, as indicated by the limited capacity for tumor-immunized, THC-treated mice to withstand tumor rechallenge. In vivo administration of a specific antagonist of the CB2 cannabinoid receptor also blocked the effects of THC. Our findings suggest the THC promotes tumor growth by inhibiting antitumor immunity by a CB2 receptor-mediated, cytokine-dependent pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.1.373","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T00:07:57Z","timestamp":1398038877000},"page":"373-380","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":206,"title":["\u0394-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Inhibits Antitumor Immunity by a CB2 Receptor-Mediated, Cytokine-Dependent Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Li X","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherven","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs West Los Angeles Healthcare Center , Los Angeles, CA 90073"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Stolina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Roth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald P","family":"Tashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M","family":"Dubinett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary Immunology Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA 90095"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs West Los Angeles Healthcare Center , Los Angeles, CA 90073"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032907434150400_R1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"Pharmacol. 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