{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:45:26Z","timestamp":1791423926844,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]],"date-time":"2000-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":975628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Naive Th cells can be directed in vitro to develop into Th1 or Th2 cells by IL-12 or IL-4, respectively. In vivo, chronic immune reactions lead to polarized Th cytokine patterns. We found earlier that Borrelia burgdorferi, the spirochaete that causes Lyme disease, induces Th1 development in \u03b1\u03b2 TCR-transgenic Th cells. Here, we used TCR-transgenic Th cells and oligonucleotide arrays to analyze the differences between Th1 cells induced by IL-12 vs those induced by B. burgdorferi. Transgenic Th cells primed with peptide in the presence of B. burgdorferi expressed several mRNAs, including the mRNA encoding IL-17, at significantly higher levels than Th cells primed with peptide and IL-12. Cytometric single-cell analysis of Th cell cytokine production revealed that IL-17 cannot be categorized as either Th1 or Th2 cytokine. Instead, almost all IL-17-producing Th cells simultaneously produced TNF-\u03b1 and most IL-17+ Th cells also produced GM-CSF. This pattern was also observed in humans. Th cells from synovial fluid of patients with Lyme arthritis coexpressed IL-17 and TNF-\u03b1 upon polyclonal stimulation. The induction of IL-17 production in Th cells is not restricted to B. burgdorferi. Priming of TCR-transgenic Th cells in the presence of mycobacterial lysates also induced IL-17\/TNF-\u03b1 coproduction. The physiological stimulus for IL-17 production was hitherto unknown. We show here for the first time that microbial stimuli induce the expression of IL-17 together with TNF-\u03b1 in both murine and human T cells. Chronic IL-17 expression induced by microbes could be an important mediator of infection-induced immunopathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.11.6107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T22:44:50Z","timestamp":1398120290000},"page":"6107-6115","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":436,"title":["Microbial Lipopeptides Induce the Production of IL-17 in Th Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Carmen","family":"Infante-Duarte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi F","family":"Horton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Institute , Cambridge, MA 02140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics Institute , Cambridge, MA 02140"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Kamradt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Medizinische Klinik m.S. 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