{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T06:17:27Z","timestamp":1791181047212,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,1]],"date-time":"2000-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":965088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CCR4 is now known to be selectively expressed in Th2 cells. Since the bronchial epithelium is recognized as an important source of mediators fundamental to the manifestation of respiratory allergic inflammation, we studied the expression of two functional ligands for CCR4, i.e., macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), in bronchial epithelial cells. The bronchial epithelium of asthmatics and normal subjects expressed TARC protein, and the asthmatics showed more intense expression than the normal subjects. On the other hand, MDC expression was only weakly detected in the asthmatics, but the intensity was not significantly different from that of normal subjects. Combination of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-4 induced expression of TARC protein and mRNA in bronchial epithelial A549 cells, which was slightly up-regulated by IFN-\u03b3. The enhancement by IFN-\u03b3 was more pronounced in bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and a maximum production occurred with combination of TNF-\u03b1, IL-4, and IFN-\u03b3. On the other hand, MDC was essentially not expressed in any of the cultures. Furthermore, expressions of TARC protein and mRNA were almost completely inhibited by glucocorticoids. These results indicate that the airway epithelium represents an important source of TARC, which potentially plays a role via a paracrine mechanism in the development of allergic respiratory diseases. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of inhaled glucocorticoids on asthma may be at least in part due to their direct inhibitory effect on TARC generation by the bronchial epithelium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.4.2205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T20:29:56Z","timestamp":1398025796000},"page":"2205-2213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Inducible Expression of a Th2-Type CC Chemokine Thymus- and Activation-Regulated Chemokine by Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Takashi","family":"Sekiya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misato","family":"Miyamasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masako","family":"Imanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioregulatory Function, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiharu","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioregulatory Function, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Fujisawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Mie Hospital , Mie ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruby","family":"Pawankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuyuki","family":"Sano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Doai Memorial Hospital , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Morita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kouji","family":"Matsushima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Preventive Medicine and Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Yoshie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Kinki University School of Medicine , Osaka ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioregulatory Function, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020213090052100_R1","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Immunol. 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