{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T20:39:51Z","timestamp":1791405591493,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]],"date-time":"2000-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":967766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cr2 \u2212\/\u2212 mice have an impairment in humoral immunity, as shown by the decrease in the Ab titers against T cell-dependent Ags and abnormalities in germinal center formation. Germinal centers are present, but they are decreased in size and number, indicating problems in their development. In this study, we investigated whether this abnormality in germinal center development is associated with problems in the establishment of optimal affinity maturation and the generation of memory B cells, processes closely related to the germinal center reaction. We immunized the Cr2\u2212\/\u2212 animals with different Ags with or without adjuvants. We showed that, when immunized without adjuvants, complement receptors are absolutely required for optimal affinity maturation. Although limited affinity maturation is elicited in the Cr2\u2212\/\u2212 Ab response, it is decreased as compared with normal animals. Memory B cell generation is also impaired. In the presence of adjuvants, germinal center development in the Cr2\u2212\/\u2212 mice is still abnormal, as demonstrated by their decreased size and number. Surprisingly, adjuvants establish optimal affinity maturation and partially restore the amount of Ab produced during the primary response and memory B cell generation. However, adjuvants cannot improve the ability of follicular dendritic cells to retain Ags in the form of immune complexes. These observations indicate that immunization with inflammatory Ags offset some of the immunological abnormalities found in the Cr2\u2212\/\u2212 mice and show that optimal affinity maturation in the Cr2\u2212\/\u2212 mice can be achieved in the absence of normal germinal centers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.6.3119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T21:30:49Z","timestamp":1398029449000},"page":"3119-3127","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Impaired Affinity Maturation in\n                    <i>Cr2<\/i>\n                    \u2212\/\u2212 Mice Is Rescued by Adjuvants Without Improvement in Germinal Center Development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Fu","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenguang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dailing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasvinder","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang-Xin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL 60637"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, MO 63110"},{"name":"Veteran\u2019s Administration Medical Center , St. Louis, MO 63106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020213090013600_R1","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Springer Semin. 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