{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T07:17:43Z","timestamp":1770103063657,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Understanding the basic immunology of an infectious disease requires insight into the pattern of T cell reactivity and specificity. Although lymphatic filariasis is a major tropical disease, the predominant T cell Ags of filarial species such as Brugia malayi are still undefined. We have now identified a prominent T cell Ag from B. malayi microfilariae (Mf) as Bm-SPN-2, a serpin secreted exclusively by this stage. Mf-infected mice mounted strong, but short-lived, Bm-SPN-2-specific Th1 responses, measured by in vitro production of IFN-\u03b3, but not IL-4 or IL-5, 14 days postinfection. By day 35, responsiveness to Bm-SPN-2 was lost despite enhanced reactivity to whole Mf extract. Single immunization with Mf extract also stimulated typical Th1 reactions to Bm-SPN-2, but IgG1 Ab responses dominated after repeated immunizations. Human patients displayed potent humoral responses to Bm-SPN-2 in both IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses. Thus, 100% (20 of 20) of the microfilaremic (MF+) patients bore IgG4 responses to Bm-SPN-2, while only 30% of endemic normal subjects were similarly positive. Following chemotherapy, Bm-SPN-2-specific Abs disappeared in 12 of 13 MF+ patients, although the majority remained seropositive for whole parasite extract. PBMC from most, but not all, endemic subjects were induced to secrete IFN-\u03b3 when stimulated with Bm-SPN-2. These findings demonstrate that Bm-SPN-2 is recognized by both murine and human T and B cells and indicate that their responses are under relatively stringent temporal control. This study also provides the first example of a stage-specific secreted molecule that acts as a major T cell Ag from filarial parasites and is a prime candidate for a serodiagnostic probe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.165.9.5161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T22:59:08Z","timestamp":1398034748000},"page":"5161-5169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["The Serpin Secreted by\n                    <i>Brugia malayi<\/i>\n                    Microfilariae, Bm-SPN-2, Elicits Strong, but Short-Lived, Immune Responses in Mice and Humans"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"165","author":[{"given":"Xingxing","family":"Zang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnes Kurniawan","family":"Atmadja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia , Jakarta ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith E","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Yazdanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rick M","family":"Maizels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020213121232500_R1","first-page":"385","volume-title":"Annu. 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