{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:39:10Z","timestamp":1762101550029,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycolipids. We studied the in vitro effects of gangliosides on Th1 and Th2 cytokine production in PHA-stimulated human T cells. Gangliosides GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b (each 100 nM) enhanced PHA-induced IL-2 secretion of peripheral blood T cells \u223c4-fold and enhanced that of IFN-\u03b3 3- to 4-fold compared with controls. These gangliosides decreased PHA-induced IL-4 secretion by 50\u201353% and that of IL-5 by 53\u201363% compared with controls, respectively. The other gangliosides did not alter the secretion of Th1 or Th2 cytokines. RT-PCR showed that GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b enhanced PHA-induced IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 transcription and suppressed that of IL-4 and IL-5. Transient transfection assays of Jurkat T cells showed that GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b enhanced PHA-induced IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 promoter activities but suppressed those of IL-4 and IL-5. The cAMP analogue dibutyryl cAMP and the cAMP-elevating agents forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine each reversed GD1b-, GT1b-, and GQ1b-induced stimulation of IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 production and inhibition of IL-4 and IL-5 production at the levels of proteins, transcription, and promoter activities. GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b suppressed PHA-induced increase in cAMP level in T cells. These gangliosides suppressed PHA-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in T cells. These results suggest that GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b may enhance Th1 cytokine production while suppressing Th2 production by inhibiting adenylate cyclase activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.1.72","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T01:32:59Z","timestamp":1398043979000},"page":"72-80","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Gangliosides GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b Enhance IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 Production and Suppress IL-4 and IL-5 Production in Phytohemagglutinin-Stimulated Human T Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Naoko","family":"Kanda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University , Tokyo ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"first-page":"606","volume-title":"J. 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