{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T23:06:07Z","timestamp":1744153567977,"version":"3.40.3"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,1]],"date-time":"2001-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":991353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Humans living in areas where filariasis is endemic vary greatly in their exposure to mosquito-borne infective third-stage larvae (L3) of these parasitic helminths. Because the intensity of exposure to Ags affects T cell differentiation and susceptibility to parasitic infections in murine models, we compared T cell and cytokine responses in 97 residents of two villages in Papua New Guinea, where transmission intensity of Wuchereria bancrofti differed by 63-fold (37 vs 2355 L3 per person per year). Residents of the high transmission village had 4- to 11-fold lower proliferation and IFN-\u03b3 responses to filarial Ags, nonparasite Ag, and PHA by PBMC compared with the low transmission village (p &amp;lt; 0.01) even when subjects were matched for intensity of infection. In contrast, filarial Ag-driven IL-5 production was 5.5-fold greater (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and plasma IL-4 and TGF-\u03b2 levels were 4-fold and 34% higher, respectively, in residents of the high transmission village. IL-4 and IL-10 responses by PBMC differed little according to village, and increased production of the counterregulatory cytokines IL-10 or TGF-\u03b2 by PBMC did not correlate with weak proliferation and IFN-\u03b3 responses. Plasma IL-5, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10 levels were similar in the two villages. These data demonstrate that the intensity of exposure to L3 affects lymphocyte responsiveness and cytokine bias possibly by a mechanism that alters APC function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.12.7427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T23:36:18Z","timestamp":1398036978000},"page":"7427-7436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Transmission Intensity Determines Lymphocyte Responsiveness and Cytokine Bias in Human Lymphatic Filariasis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"166","author":[{"given":"Christopher L","family":"King","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P","family":"Alpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research , Goroka and Madang ,","place":["Papua New Guinea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moses","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research , Goroka and Madang ,","place":["Papua New Guinea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geographic Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine , Cleveland, OH 44106"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,6,15]]},"reference":[{"first-page":"472","volume-title":"Parasitol. 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