{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:06:19Z","timestamp":1785564379258,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,1]],"date-time":"2002-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1038700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Understanding fundamental mechanisms of vaccine immunity will allow proper use and optimization of vaccines. Vaccination with a genetically engineered, live, attenuated strain of Blastomyces dermatitidis carrying a targeted deletion at the BAD1 locus confers sterilizing immunity against experimental lethal pulmonary infection. We found in this study that \u03b1\u03b2 T cells are requisite for durable vaccine immunity, whereas other T and B cells are dispensable. In immune-competent animals, CD4+ T-cell derived cytokines TNF-\u03b1 and IFN-\u03b3 mediate vaccine immunity. Surprisingly, these factors are dispensable in immune-deficient animals, which rely on alternate mechanisms for robust vaccine immunity, yet still require O2\u2212 production rather than generation of NO. Our results clarify the cellular and molecular bases behind the first genetically engineered fungal vaccine. They also illustrate a sharp difference in vaccine mechanisms between immune-competent and immune-deficient hosts, which underscores the plasticity of residual immune elements in compromised hosts, and points to the feasibility of developing vaccines against invasive fungal infection in this fast growing patient population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.12.6969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T00:33:07Z","timestamp":1398040387000},"page":"6969-6976","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Requisite Elements in Vaccine Immunity to <i>Blastomyces dermatitidis<\/i>: Plasticity Uncovers Vaccine Potential in Immune-Deficient Hosts"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Wu\u0308thrich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna I","family":"Filutowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Warner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce S","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"},{"name":"Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"},{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School , Madison, WI 53792"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032711493310200_R1","first-page":"793","volume-title":"Nature","year":"2000"},{"key":"2025032711493310200_R2","first-page":"233","volume-title":"Science","year":"2001"},{"key":"2025032711493310200_R3","first-page":"1632","volume-title":"Science","year":"1994"},{"key":"2025032711493310200_R4","first-page":"337","volume-title":"Curr. 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