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Several mechanisms prevent immune recognition of these tumor cells, including a block in EBNA1 presentation to CD8+ killer T cells. Therefore, no EBV-specific immune response has yet been found to target Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma. We now find that EBNA1-specific, Th1 CD4+ cytotoxic T cells recognize Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma lines. CD4+ T cell epitopes of EBNA1 are predominantly found in the C-terminal, episome-binding domain of EBNA1, and \u223c0.5% of peripheral blood CD4+ T cells are specific for EBNA1. Therefore, adaptive immunity can be directed against Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma, and perhaps this role for CD4+ Th1 cells extends to other tumors that escape MHC class I presentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.3.1593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,22]],"date-time":"2014-04-22T04:06:27Z","timestamp":1398139587000},"page":"1593-1603","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1-Specific CD4+ Th1 Cells Kill Burkitt\u2019s Lymphoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Casper","family":"Paludan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara","family":"Bickham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Nikiforow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT 06520"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming L","family":"Tsang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiera","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem A","family":"Hanekom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Fonteneau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Stevanovic\u0301","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tu\u0308bingen , Tu\u0308bingen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Mu\u0308nz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY 10021"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025032905532249900_R1","first-page":"702","volume-title":"Lancet","year":"1964"},{"key":"2025032905532249900_R2","first-page":"761","volume-title":"J. 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