{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:23:19Z","timestamp":1771035799978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]],"date-time":"2002-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1033430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The brain is a target organ for recreational drugs and HIV-1. Epidemiological data demonstrate that opioid abuse is a risk factor for HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS. Chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infections. However, little is known about the effects of opioids on the expression of chemokines and their receptors (the latter also are HIV-1 coreceptors) by cells of the CNS. Herein we describe the effects of morphine on gene expression of the \u03b1- and \u03b2-chemokines and their receptors by the astrocytoma cell line U87 and by primary normal human astrocyte (NHA) cultures. U87 cells treated with morphine showed significant down-regulation of IL-8 gene expression, whereas expression of the IL-8 receptor CXCR2 was reciprocally up-regulated as detected by RT-PCR. Treatment of NHAs with morphine suppressed IL-8 and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1\u03b2 gene expression, whereas expression of their receptor genes, CCR3 and CCR5, was simultaneously enhanced. These morphine-induced effects on U87 and NHA cells were reversed by the opioid \u03bc receptor antagonist \u03b2-funaltrexamine. Morphine also enhanced the constitutive expression of the opioid \u03bc receptor on astroglial cells. Our results support the hypothesis that opioids play a significant role in the susceptibility of the CNS to HIV-1 infection and subsequent encephalopathy by inhibiting local production of HIV-1-protective chemokines (IL-8 and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1\u03b2) and enhancing expression of HIV-1 entry coreceptor genes (CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR2) within the CNS. These effects of opioids appear to be mediated through the opioid \u03bc receptor that we demonstrated on astroglial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.169.7.3589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,21]],"date-time":"2014-04-21T19:18:01Z","timestamp":1398107881000},"page":"3589-3599","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Morphine Regulates Gene Expression of \u03b1- and \u03b2-Chemokines and Their Receptors on Astroglial Cells Via the Opioid \u03bc Receptor"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Supriya D","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York and Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health System , Buffalo, NY 14203"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stanley A","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York and Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health System , Buffalo, NY 14203"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas C","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, State University of New York and Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health System , Buffalo, NY 14203"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ram P","family":"Chawda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York and Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health System , Buffalo, NY 14203"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madhavan P N","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, State University of New York and Buffalo General Hospital, Kaleida Health System , Buffalo, NY 14203"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020209242185100_R1","first-page":"75","volume-title":"J. 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