{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:41:34Z","timestamp":1789634494826,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]],"date-time":"2003-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Naive Ag-specific CD8+ T cells expand, contract, and become memory cells after infection and\/or vaccination. Memory CD8+ T cells provide faster, more effective secondary responses against repeated exposure to the same pathogen. Using an adoptive transfer system with low numbers of trackable nontransgenic memory CD8+ T cells, we showed that secondary responses can be comprised of both primary (naive) and secondary (memory) CD8+ T cells after bacterial (Listeria monocytogenes) and\/or viral (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) infections. The level of memory CD8+ T cells present at the time of infection inversely correlated with the magnitude of primary CD8+ T cell responses against the same epitope but directly correlated with the level of protection against infection. However, similar numbers of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells were found 8 days postinfection no matter how many memory cells were present at the time of infection. Rapid contraction of primary CD8+ T cell responses was not influenced by the presence of memory CD8+ T cells. However, contraction of secondary CD8+ T cell responses was markedly prolonged compared with primary responses in the same host mice. This situation occurred in response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or L. monocytogenes infection and for CD8+ T cell responses against multiple epitopes. The delayed contraction of secondary CD8+ T cells was also observed after immunization with peptide-coated dendritic cells. Together, the results show that the level of memory CD8+ T cells influences protective immunity and activation of naive precursors specific for the same epitope but has little impact on the magnitude or program of the CD8+ T cell response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.10.4933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T19:31:23Z","timestamp":1398022283000},"page":"4933-4942","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Regulation of CD8+ T Cells Undergoing Primary and Secondary Responses to Infection in the Same Host"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Vladimir P","family":"Badovinac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly A Nordyke","family":"Messingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara E","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T","family":"Harty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa , Iowa City, IA 52242"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210064094700_R1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Nat. 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