{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:32:25Z","timestamp":1790973145273,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Airway smooth muscle is actively involved in the inflammatory process in diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma by 1) contributing to airway narrowing through hyperplasia and hypertrophy and 2) the release of GM-CSF and G-CSF, which promotes the survival and activation of infiltrating leukocytes. Thus, the identification of novel anti-inflammatory pathways in airway smooth muscle will have important implications for the treatment of inflammatory airway disease. This study identifies such a pathway in the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR ligands are known therapeutic agents in the treatment of diabetes; however, their role in human airway disease is unknown. We demonstrate, for the first time, that human airway smooth muscle cells express PPAR\u03b1 and -\u03b3 subtypes. Activation of PPAR\u03b3 by natural and synthetic ligands inhibits serum-induced cell growth more effectively than does the steroid dexamethasone, and induces apoptosis. Moreover, PPAR\u03b3 activation, like dexamethasone, inhibits the release of GM-CSF. However, PPAR\u03b3 ligands, but not dexamethasone, similarly inhibits G-CSF release. These results reveal a novel anti-inflammatory pathway in human airway smooth muscle, where PPAR\u03b3 activation has additional anti-inflammatory effects to those of steroids. Hence, PPAR ligands might act as potential treatments in human respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T21:32:44Z","timestamp":1398029564000},"page":"2663-2669","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":101,"title":["Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Has a Superior Anti-inflammatory Profile to Corticosteroids: Relevance for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Hema J","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria G","family":"Belvisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bishop-Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William Harvey Research Institute, St. Barts Hospital Medical College , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdi H","family":"Yacoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Pharmacology Group, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane A","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Inflammation Partnership, Unit of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210093660700_R1","first-page":"251S","volume-title":"Chest","year":"2000"},{"key":"2026020210093660700_R2","first-page":"84","volume-title":"Am. 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