{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:59:54Z","timestamp":1790873994955,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]],"date-time":"2003-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1046476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Type 1 cell-mediated immunity might play an important role in protection from typhoid fever. We evaluated whether immunization with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) strain CVD 908-htrA (a \u0394aroC \u0394aroD \u0394htrA mutant), a leading live oral typhoid vaccine candidate, elicits specific CD4+ and CD8+ \u00a0S. Typhi immune responses. Potent CTL responses and IFN-\u03b3 secretion by CD8+ T cells were detected following immunization with CVD 908-htrA in high (4.5 \u00d7 108 CFU) and low (5 \u00d7 107 CFU) dosages. S. Typhi-specific CTL were observed in six of eight vaccinees (four high and two low dose) after immunization. Mean increases in the frequency of IFN-\u03b3 spot-forming cells (SFC) in the presence of S. Typhi-infected targets were 221 \u00b1 41 SFC\/106 PBMC and 233 \u00b1 87 SFC\/106 PBMC, in the high and low dose groups, respectively. Strong CD4+ T cell responses were also observed. Increases in the IFN-\u03b3 production to soluble S. Typhi flagella (STF) occurred in 82 and 38% of the volunteers who received the high and low doses, respectively. Robust correlations were observed between volunteers that responded with IFN-\u03b3 SFC to stimulation with S. Typhi-infected cells and IFN-\u03b3 released in response to stimulation with STF Ags (r = 0.822, p &amp;lt; 0.001) and between CTL and IFN-\u03b3 production to STF (r = 0.818, p = 0.013). These data demonstrating the concomitant induction of both CD4- and CD8-mediated CMI are consistent with a significant role for type 1 immunity in controlling typhoid infection and support the continuing evaluation of CVD 908-htrA as a typhoid vaccine candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.5.2734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T21:32:44Z","timestamp":1398029564000},"page":"2734-2741","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Concomitant Induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses in Volunteers Immunized with\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    Serovar Typhi Strain CVD 908-htrA"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Rosa\u0302ngela","family":"Salerno-Gonc\u0327alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy L","family":"Wyant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela F","family":"Pasetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Fernandez-Vin\u0303a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bill Young DoD Marrow Donor Program, Naval Medical Research Center, Georgetown University , Kensington, MD 20895"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol O","family":"Tacket","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myron M","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo B","family":"Sztein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD 21201"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210073813200_R1","first-page":"957","volume-title":"Bull W. 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