{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:02:52Z","timestamp":1791255772757,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]],"date-time":"2003-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1051747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The fatality rate associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis remains high despite adequate antibiotic treatment. IL-1 is an important proinflammatory cytokine, which is up-regulated in brain tissue after the induction of meningitis. To determine the role of IL-1 in pneumococcal meningitis we induced meningitis by intranasal inoculation with 8 \u00d7 104 CFU of S. pneumoniae and 180 U of hyaluronidase in IL-1R type I gene-deficient (IL-1R\u2212\/\u2212) mice and wild-type mice. Meningitis resulted in elevated IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 mRNA and protein levels in the brain. The absence of an intact IL-1 signal was associated with a higher susceptibility to develop meningitis. Furthermore, the lack of IL-1 impaired bacterial clearance, as reflected by an increased number of CFU in cerebrospinal fluid of IL-1R\u2212\/\u2212 mice. The characteristic pleocytosis of meningitis was not significantly altered in IL-1R\u2212\/\u2212 mice, but meningitis was associated with lower brain levels of cytokines. The mortality was significantly higher and earlier in the course of the disease in IL-1R\u2212\/\u2212 mice. These results demonstrate that endogenous IL-1 is required for an adequate host defense in pneumococcal meningitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.9.4724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T18:18:42Z","timestamp":1398017922000},"page":"4724-4730","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["IL-1 Receptor Type 1 Gene-Deficient Mice Demonstrate an Impaired Host Defense Against Pneumococcal Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"170","author":[{"given":"Petra J G","family":"Zwijnenburg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"van der Poll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine","family":"Florquin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John J","family":"Roord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A Marceline","family":"van Furth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020210054201100_R1","first-page":"1360","volume-title":"J. 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