{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T12:57:23Z","timestamp":1792587443900,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]],"date-time":"2017-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The Western diet is characterized by high protein, sugar, fat, and low fiber intake, and is widely believed to contribute to the incidence and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, high sodium chloride salt content, a defining feature of processed foods, has not been considered as a possible environmental factor that might drive IBD. We set out to bridge this gap. We examined murine models of colitis on either a high salt diet (HSD) or a low salt diet. We demonstrate that an HSD exacerbates inflammatory pathology in the IL-10\u2013deficient murine model of colitis relative to mice fed a low salt diet. This was correlated with enhanced expression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. Surprisingly, sodium accumulated in the colons of mice on an HSD, suggesting a direct effect of salt within the colon. Similar to the IL-10\u2013deficient model, an HSD also enhanced cytokine expression during infection by Salmonella typhimurium. This occurred in the first 3 d of infection, suggesting that an HSD potentiates an innate immune response. Indeed, in cultured dendritic cells we found that high salt media potentiates cytokine expression downstream of TLR4 activation via p38 MAPK and SGK1. A third common colitis model, administration of dextran sodium sulfate, was hopelessly confounded by the high sodium content of the dextran sodium sulfate. Our results raise the possibility that high dietary salt is an environmental factor that drives increased inflammation in IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T00:30:32Z","timestamp":1498091432000},"page":"1051-1059","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Dietary Salt Exacerbates Experimental Colitis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Alan L","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27514"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Troy D","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marsico Lung Institute\/Cystic Fibrosis and Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R Balfour","family":"Sartor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27514"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7295-3490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward A","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"},{"name":"Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27514"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030614210025900_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.44","article-title":"Dietary intake and risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"106","author":"Hou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. 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Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030614210025900_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F33","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00040.2014","article-title":"High-salt diet blunts renal autoregulation by a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism","volume":"307","author":"Fellner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. 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Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"2025030614210025900_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.11.007","article-title":"Effects of dietary salt levels on monocytic cells and immune responses in healthy human subjects: a longitudinal study","volume":"166","author":"Yi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"2025030614210025900_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3349-x","article-title":"Elementary immunology: Na(+) as a regulator of immunity","volume":"32","author":"Schatz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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