{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:06:04Z","timestamp":1790042764902,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In Legionella pneumophila infection, macrophages play a critical role in the host defense response. Metformin, an oral drug for type 2 diabetes, is attracting attention as a new supportive therapy against a variety of diseases, such as cancer and infectious diseases. The novel mechanisms for metformin actions include modulation of the effector functions of macrophages and other host immune cells. In this study, we have examined the effects of metformin on L. pneumophila infection in vitro and in vivo. Metformin treatment suppressed growth of L. pneumophila in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion in bone marrow\u2013derived macrophages, RAW cells (mouse), and U937 cells (human). Metformin induced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in L. pneumophila\u2013infected bone marrow\u2013derived macrophages, and the AMPK inhibitor Compound C negated metformin-mediated growth suppression. Also, metformin induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species but not phagosomal NADPH oxidase\u2013derived reactive oxygen species. Metformin-mediated growth suppression was mitigated in the presence of the reactive oxygen species scavenger glutathione. In a murine L. pneumophila pneumonia model, metformin treatment improved survival of mice, which was associated with a significant reduction in bacterial number in the lung. Similar to in vitro observations, induction of AMPK phosphorylation and mitochondrial ROS was demonstrated in the infected lungs of mice treated with metformin. Finally, glutathione treatment abolished metformin effects on lung bacterial clearance. Collectively, these data suggest that metformin promotes mitochondrial ROS production and AMPK signaling and enhances the bactericidal activity of macrophages, which may contribute to improved survival in L. pneumophila pneumonia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,15]],"date-time":"2017-12-15T15:30:47Z","timestamp":1513351847000},"page":"623-631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Metformin Mediates Protection against <i>Legionella<\/i> Pneumonia through Activation of AMPK and Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"200","author":[{"given":"Chiaki","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6884-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Kusaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo 113-8519,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soichiro","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-7091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuta","family":"Nanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9407-2296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiichiro","family":"Udono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama 700-8558,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore J","family":"Standiford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI 48109"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuhiro","family":"Tateda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine , Tokyo 143-8540,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030610005622200_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/10.5.1018","article-title":"Role of Legionellae in acute infections of the lower respiratory tract","volume":"10","author":"Reingold","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1994.00420210049006","article-title":"Surveillance for Legionnaires\u2019 disease. Risk factors for morbidity and mortality","volume":"154","author":"Marston","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1053\/spid.2002.127206","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila pathogenesis and immunity","volume":"13","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.06.006","article-title":"Effector proteins translocated by Legionella pneumophila: strength in numbers","volume":"15","author":"Ninio","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01145.x","article-title":"Host cell processes that influence the intracellular survival of Legionella pneumophila","volume":"10","author":"Shin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01011-08","article-title":"A hemidominant Naip5 allele in mouse strain MOLF\/Ei-derived macrophages restricts Legionella pneumophila intracellular growth","volume":"77","author":"Losick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(02)01359-3","article-title":"Naip5 affects host susceptibility to the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila","volume":"13","author":"Wright","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.56.2.370-375.1988","article-title":"Growth of Legionella pneumophila in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from A\/J mice","volume":"56","author":"Yamamoto","year":"1988","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r9","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Replicative Legionella pneumophila lung infection in intratracheally inoculated A\/J mice. A murine model of human Legionnaires\u2019 disease","volume":"145","author":"Brieland","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199602293340906","article-title":"Metformin","volume":"334","author":"Bailey","year":"1996","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38415.708634.F7","article-title":"Metformin and reduced risk of cancer in diabetic patients","volume":"330","author":"Evans","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1791","article-title":"Long-term metformin use is associated with decreased risk of breast cancer","volume":"33","author":"Bodmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1558","article-title":"Increased cancer-related mortality for patients with type 2 diabetes who use sulfonylureas or insulin","volume":"29","author":"Bowker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-2175","article-title":"New users of metformin are at low risk of incident cancer: a cohort study among people with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Libby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2012-0058","article-title":"Glioma-initiating cell elimination by metformin activation of FOXO3 via AMPK","volume":"1","author":"Sato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00362","article-title":"Metformin kills and radiosensitizes cancer cells and preferentially kills cancer stem cells","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1593\/tlo.13556","article-title":"Antidiabetic drug metformin prevents progression of pancreatic cancer by targeting in part cancer stem cells and mTOR signaling","volume":"6","author":"Mohammed","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00426","article-title":"Diabetes, pancreatic cancer, and metformin therapy","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4847812","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4847812","article-title":"Metformin inhibits advanced glycation end products\u2013induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages partly through AMPK activation and RAGE\/NF\u03baB pathway suppression","volume":"2016","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263ra159","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009885","article-title":"Metformin as adjunct antituberculosis therapy","volume":"6","author":"Singhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftw055","article-title":"Alterations in cellular metabolism modulate CD1d-mediated NKT-cell responses","volume":"74","author":"Webb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1312","article-title":"NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen","volume":"4","author":"Lambeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09973","article-title":"TLR signalling augments macrophage bactericidal activity through mitochondrial ROS","volume":"472","author":"West","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2007.tb04011.x","article-title":"Evasion of Legionella pneumophila from the bactericidal system by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in macrophages","volume":"51","author":"Harada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.5.3.401-403.1998","article-title":"Serum cytokines in patients with Legionella pneumonia: relative predominance of Th1-type cytokines","volume":"5","author":"Tateda","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.8.4209","article-title":"Hyperoxia mediates acute lung injury and increased lethality in murine Legionella pneumonia: the role of apoptosis","volume":"170","author":"Tateda","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.66.7.3029-3034.1998","article-title":"Expression of Legionella pneumophila virulence traits in response to growth conditions","volume":"66","author":"Byrne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.05544-11","article-title":"Roles of interleukin-17 in an experimental Legionella pneumophila pneumonia model","volume":"80","author":"Kimizuka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.5.2709-2717.2005","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila evades gamma interferon-mediated growth suppression through interleukin-10 induction in bone marrow-derived macrophages","volume":"73","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(\u2212Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.11.6221-6229.2004","article-title":"Macrophages from mice with the restrictive Lgn1 allele exhibit multifactorial resistance to Legionella pneumophila","volume":"72","author":"Derr\u00e9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00839.x","article-title":"Birc1e\/Naip5 rapidly antagonizes modulation of phagosome maturation by Legionella pneumophila","volume":"9","author":"Fortier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2903","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00147-07","article-title":"Host-dependent trigger of caspases and apoptosis by Legionella pneumophila","volume":"75","author":"Santic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0748-0","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits NF-\u03baB signaling and inflammation: impact on healthspan and lifespan","volume":"89","author":"Salminen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med. (Berl.)"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0082-4","article-title":"Understanding the complex-I-ty of metformin action: limiting mitochondrial respiration to improve cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Luengo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4888","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI66218","article-title":"AMPK dysregulation promotes diabetes-related reduction of superoxide and mitochondrial function","volume":"123","author":"Dugan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33154","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.143685","article-title":"Exposure to hydrogen peroxide induces oxidation and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"285","author":"Zmijewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.212530","article-title":"AMPKalpha2 deletion causes aberrant expression and activation of NAD(P)H oxidase and consequent endothelial dysfunction in vivo: role of 26S proteasomes","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422415000062","article-title":"Energy restriction and potential energy restriction mimetics","volume":"28","author":"Nikolai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27706","article-title":"Metformin intake is associated with better survival in ovarian cancer: a case-control study","volume":"119","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084369","article-title":"Metformin: a potential therapeutic agent for recurrent colon cancer","volume":"9","author":"Nangia-Makker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)00565-3","article-title":"Metformin for chemoprevention of metachronous colorectal adenoma or polyps in post-polypectomy patients without diabetes: a multicentre double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"Higurashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.10.006","article-title":"Metformin: an anti-diabetic drug to fight cancer","volume":"113","author":"Daugan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417636112","article-title":"Immune-mediated antitumor effect by type 2 diabetes drug, metformin","volume":"112","author":"Eikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2013.00065","article-title":"Activation of AMPK enhances neutrophil chemotaxis and bacterial killing","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-190587","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase enhances the phagocytic ability of macrophages and neutrophils","volume":"25","author":"Bae","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127885","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127885","article-title":"AICAR enhances the phagocytic ability of macrophages towards apoptotic cells through P38 mitogen activated protein kinase activation independent of AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"10","author":"Quan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11862","article-title":"Metabolism of inflammation limited by AMPK and pseudo-starvation","volume":"493","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23246","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.577908","article-title":"Metformin suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response in murine macrophages via activating transcription factor-3 (ATF-3) induction","volume":"289","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.10.002","article-title":"AMPK activation by metformin inhibits local innate immune responses in the isolated rat heart by suppression of TLR 4-related pathway","volume":"40","author":"Vaez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.10.009","article-title":"Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation protects against sepsis-induced organ injury and inflammation","volume":"194","author":"Escobar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7047","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.413138","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase activation by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carbox-amide-1-\u03b2-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) reduces lipoteichoic acid-induced lung inflammation","volume":"288","author":"Hoogendijk","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2008.04.010","article-title":"Metformin inhibits TNF-alpha-induced IkappaB kinase phosphorylation, IkappaB-alpha degradation and IL-6 production in endothelial cells through PI3K-dependent AMPK phosphorylation","volume":"134","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01126.x","article-title":"Metformin inhibits HMGB1 release in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells and increases survival rate of endotoxaemic mice","volume":"162","author":"Tsoyi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01397.x","article-title":"Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)","volume":"26","author":"Geerlings","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025030610005622200_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2006.03.009","article-title":"Risk factors for sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires\u2019 disease. A 3-year national case-control study","volume":"120","author":"Den Boer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Public Health"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/200\/2\/623\/61494783\/ji1700474.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/200\/2\/623\/61494783\/ji1700474.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T10:08:56Z","timestamp":1741255736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/200\/2\/623\/7960403"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1700474","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]}}}