{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:14:38Z","timestamp":1792167278037,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists are promising immunomodulators that potentially maintain immune tolerance. In this study, we examined the ability of indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA), a major precursor of microbiota-derived AHR agonists and a proagonist of AHR, to activate AHR. The anti-inflammatory effects of IPA were also evaluated in a mouse model of colitis in comparison with other aromatic pyruvic acids (phenylpyruvic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid). Among them, IPA showed the strongest ability to activate AHR in vitro and in vivo, and only IPA improved chronic inflammation in an experimental colitis model. IPA attenuated the expression of genes encoding Th1 cytokines and enhanced Il-10 gene expression in the colon. Oral administration of IPA decreased the frequency of IFN-\u03b3+ IL-10\u2212 CD4+ T cells and increased that of IFN-\u03b3\u2212 IL-10+ CD4+ T cells in the colon lamina propria in a T cell\u2013mediated colitis model. IPA directly promoted the differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells in vitro. Furthermore, IPA administration attenuated the ability of dendritic cells (DCs) in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) to induce IFN-\u03b3\u2013producing T cells, increased the frequency of CD103+ CD11b\u2212 DCs, and decreased the frequency of CD103\u2212 CD11b+ DCs in the MLN. Adoptive transfer of MLN CD103+ CD11b\u2212 DCs significantly improved the severity of colon inflammation. Treatment with an AHR antagonist inhibited IPA-induced differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells and the IPA-induced increase in CD103+ CD11b\u2212 DCs and attenuated the anti-inflammatory effect of IPA. These findings suggest that IPA potently prevents chronic inflammation in the colon by activating AHR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1701734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T16:25:20Z","timestamp":1542212720000},"page":"3683-3693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Indole-3-Pyruvic Acid, an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activator, Suppresses Experimental Colitis in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2314-6777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiji","family":"Aoki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomolecules Research Unit, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Aoki-Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7148-8101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chise","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomolecules Research Unit, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4532-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Takayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Biomolecules Research Unit, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901 ,","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025030417575997800_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-030409-101225","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Kaser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2007.07.003","article-title":"Mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"59","author":"Wirtz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r3","first-page":"328","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease: the classic gastrointestinal autoimmune disease","volume":"44","author":"Kaistha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Pediatr. Adolesc. Health Care"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-3565(04)00344-1","article-title":"Azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacology, efficacy, and safety","volume":"2","author":"Dubinsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0158017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158017","article-title":"Corticosteroid use and complications in a US inflammatory bowel disease cohort. [Published erratum appears in 2018 PLoS One. 13: e0197341.]","volume":"11","author":"Waljee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078055","article-title":"Immunosuppressive drugs in ulcerative colitis: twisting facts to suit theories?","volume":"55","author":"Sands","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000353806","article-title":"5-Aminosalicylic acid and chemoprevention: does it work?","volume":"31","author":"Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.06.002","article-title":"Optimizing anti-TNF treatments in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Ben-Horin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r9","first-page":"163","article-title":"Immunogenicity of infliximab: how to handle the problem?","volume":"70","author":"Baert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Gastroenterol. Belg."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)33205-2","article-title":"Stereospecific, high affinity binding of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin by hepatic cytosol. Evidence that the binding species is receptor for induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase","volume":"251","author":"Poland","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.16-0092","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor: a multifunctional chemical sensor for host defense and homeostatic maintenance","volume":"66","author":"Kawajiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Anim."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2017.01.003","article-title":"Ligand activation of the Ah receptor contributes to gastrointestinal homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Toxicol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq360","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation by TCDD reduces inflammation associated with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Benson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.082","article-title":"AHR activation is protective against colitis driven by T cells in humanized mice","volume":"17","author":"Goettel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.003","article-title":"Tryptophan catabolites from microbiota engage aryl hydrocarbon receptor and balance mucosal reactivity via interleukin-22","volume":"39","author":"Zelante","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.04.007","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-induced signals up-regulate IL-22 production and inhibit inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"141","author":"Monteleone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4102","article-title":"CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands","volume":"22","author":"Lamas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.3.550","article-title":"Aspartate aminotransferase generates proagonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"64","author":"Bittinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(69)90081-2","article-title":"Pigment formation from L-tryptophan by a particulate fraction from an Achromobacter species","volume":"130","author":"Krishnamurthi","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7778","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608221113","article-title":"Trypanosoma brucei metabolite indolepyruvate decreases HIF-1\u03b1 and glycolysis in macrophages as a mechanism of innate immune evasion","volume":"113","author":"McGettrick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(93)90091-I","article-title":"Indole-pyruvic acid treatment reduces damage in striatum but not in hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat","volume":"23","author":"Zoli","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1177\/030006059101900507","article-title":"Indole-3-pyruvic acid as a possible hypnotic agent in insomniac subjects","volume":"19","author":"Silvestri","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4709-9_29","article-title":"Clinical experiences with the use of indole-3-pyruvic acid","volume":"467","author":"Politi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96804","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096804","article-title":"Protective effect of indole-3-pyruvate against ultraviolet b-induced damage to cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and the skin of hairless mice [Published erratum appears in 2015 PLoS One. 10: e0128054.]","volume":"9","author":"Aoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/1074-7613(94)90045-0","article-title":"Inhibition of Th1 responses prevents inflammatory bowel disease in scid mice reconstituted with CD45RBhi CD4+ T cells","volume":"1","author":"Powrie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200105)31:5<1550::AID-IMMU1550>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Role of interleukin-12 in the induction of mucosal inflammation and abrogation of regulatory T cell function in chronic experimental colitis","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111453","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 mediates chronic intestinal inflammation by promoting the accumulation of IL-17A secreting innate lymphoid cells and CD4(+) Th17 cells","volume":"209","author":"Coccia","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.9.4878","article-title":"IL-6 is required for the development of Th1 cell-mediated murine colitis","volume":"164","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00254","article-title":"Cellular and molecular dynamics of Th17 differentiation and its developmental plasticity in the intestinal immune response","volume":"8","author":"Bhaumik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.6.1758","article-title":"Characterization of nonlymphoid cells derived from rat peripheral lymph","volume":"157","author":"Pugh","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.3.435","article-title":"A discrete subpopulation of dendritic cells transports apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells to T cell areas of mesenteric lymph nodes","volume":"191","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.803","article-title":"CCR7 is critically important for migration of dendritic cells in intestinal lamina propria to mesenteric lymph nodes","volume":"176","author":"Jang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20052016","article-title":"Oral tolerance originates in the intestinal immune system and relies on antigen carriage by dendritic cells","volume":"203","author":"Worbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00272-09","article-title":"Mesenteric lymph nodes confine dendritic cell-mediated dissemination of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and limit systemic disease in mice","volume":"77","author":"Voedisch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3435","article-title":"A dendritic cell subset designed for oral tolerance","volume":"17","author":"Hinterleitner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.53","article-title":"Intestinal CD103(-) dendritic cells migrate in lymph and prime effector T cells","volume":"6","author":"Cerovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.178392","article-title":"Identification of a high-affinity ligand that exhibits complete aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonism","volume":"338","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06880","article-title":"Control of T(reg) and T(H)17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor","volume":"453","author":"Quintana","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9721","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804231105","article-title":"Aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates Stat1 activation and participates in the development of Th17 cells","volume":"105","author":"Kimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1915","article-title":"Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induces human type 1 regulatory T cell-like and Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells","volume":"11","author":"Gandhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1912","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacts with c-Maf to promote the differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells induced by IL-27","volume":"11","author":"Apetoh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.011","article-title":"Regulatory T cells reinforce intestinal homeostasis","volume":"31","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/39614","article-title":"A CD4+ T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis","volume":"389","author":"Groux","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002714","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002714","article-title":"Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve induces IL-10-producing Tr1 cells in the colon","volume":"8","author":"Jeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.07.116","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of antigen-specific regulatory T-cell therapy for patients with refractory Crohn's disease","volume":"143","author":"Desreumaux","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070602","article-title":"Small intestine lamina propria dendritic cells promote de novo generation of Foxp3 T reg cells via retinoic acid","volume":"204","author":"Sun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070590","article-title":"A functionally specialized population of mucosal CD103+ DCs induces Foxp3+ regulatory T cells via a TGF-\u03b2 and retinoic acid-dependent mechanism","volume":"204","author":"Coombes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.03.009","article-title":"IRF4 transcription-factor-dependent CD103(+)CD11b(+) dendritic cells drive mucosal T helper 17 cell differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Persson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.04.011","article-title":"IRF4 transcription factor-dependent CD11b+ dendritic cells in human and mouse control mucosal IL-17 cytokine responses","volume":"38","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2014.40","article-title":"Lymph-borne CD8\u03b1+ dendritic cells are uniquely able to cross-prime CD8+ T cells with antigen acquired from intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Cerovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130750","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130750","article-title":"CD103+ CD11b+ dendritic cells induce Th17 T cells in muc2-deficient mice with extensively spread colitis","volume":"10","author":"Wenzel","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.091","article-title":"Inflammatory Th1 and Th17 in the intestine are each driven by functionally specialized dendritic cells with distinct requirements for MyD88","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082805","article-title":"A role for CD47 in the development of experimental colitis mediated by SIRPalpha+CD103- dendritic cells","volume":"206","author":"Fortin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.03.017","article-title":"E-cadherin marks a subset of inflammatory dendritic cells that promote T cell-mediated colitis","volume":"32","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E856","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1316447111","article-title":"Osteopontin expression by CD103- dendritic cells drives intestinal inflammation","volume":"111","author":"Kourepini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23820","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23820","article-title":"Ablating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in CD11c+ cells perturbs intestinal epithelium development and intestinal immunity","volume":"6","author":"Chng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2015.64","article-title":"Intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(-) dendritic cells restrain colitis via IFN-\u03b3-induced anti-inflammatory response in epithelial cells","volume":"9","author":"Muzaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.02.008","article-title":"IRF8 transcription-factor-dependent classical dendritic cells are essential for intestinal T cell homeostasis","volume":"44","author":"Luda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12747","article-title":"Mesenteric lymph node CD11b- CD103+ PD-L1High dendritic cells highly induce regulatory T cells","volume":"152","author":"Shiokawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2010.03.013","article-title":"Functional and phenotypic effects of AhR activation in inflammatory dendritic cells","volume":"246","author":"Bankoti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq354","article-title":"Consequences of AhR activation in steady-state dendritic cells","volume":"119","author":"Simones","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12352","article-title":"Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor affects activation and function of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfr249","article-title":"Dietary ligands of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor induce anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects on murine dendritic cells","volume":"124","author":"Benson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2025030417575997800_r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.5b00416","article-title":"Evidence for new light-independent pathways for generation of the endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist FICZ","volume":"29","author":"Smirnova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/201\/12\/3683\/61432749\/ji1701734.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article-pdf\/201\/12\/3683\/61432749\/ji1701734.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T20:04:50Z","timestamp":1741118690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jimmunol\/article\/201\/12\/3683\/7953625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.1701734","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1767","1550-6606"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1767","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-6606","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}}}