{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T11:21:19Z","timestamp":1793532079178,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,1]],"date-time":"2003-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1067644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Memory B cells are a central component of humoral immunity, and yet little is known about their longevity in humans. Immune memory after smallpox vaccination (DryVax) is a valuable benchmark for understanding the longevity of B cell memory in the absence of re-exposure to Ag. In this study, we demonstrate that smallpox vaccine-specific memory B cells last for &amp;gt;50 years in immunized individuals. Virus-specific memory B cells initially declined postimmunization, but then reached a plateau \u223c10-fold lower than peak and were stably maintained for &amp;gt;50 years after vaccination at a frequency of \u223c0.1% of total circulating IgG+ B cells. These persisting memory B cells were functional and able to mount a robust anamnestic Ab response upon revaccination. Additionally, virus-specific CD4+ T cells were detected decades after vaccination. These data show that immunological memory to DryVax vaccine is long-lived and may contribute to protection against smallpox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.10.4969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,20]],"date-time":"2014-04-20T18:22:42Z","timestamp":1398018162000},"page":"4969-4973","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":608,"title":["Cutting Edge: Long-Term B Cell Memory in Humans after Smallpox Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"171","author":[{"given":"Shane","family":"Crotty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phil","family":"Felgner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huw","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, King\u2019s College , London ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Glidewell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Villarreal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Virus Research, University of California , Irvine, CA 92697"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafi","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA 30322"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026020211085699200_R1"},{"key":"2026020211085699200_R2","volume-title":"Vaccines","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026020211085699200_R3","first-page":"282","volume-title":"Nature","year":"2003"},{"key":"2026020211085699200_R4","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Curr. 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